Effects of shape parameters on the attractiveness of a female body

Various researchers have suggested that certain anthropometric ratios can be used to measure female body attractiveness, including the waist to hip ratio, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the body volume divided by the square of the height (Volume-Height Index). Based on a wide range of female subjects and virtual images of bodies with different ratios, Volume-Height Index was found to provide the best fit with female body attractiveness, and the effect of Volume-Height Index can be fitted with two half bell-shaped exponential curves with an optimal Volume-Height Index at 14.2 liter/m2. It is suggested that the general trend of the effect of Volume-Height Index may be culturally invariant, but the optimal value of Volume-Height Index may vary from culture to culture. In addition to Volume-Height Index, other body parameters or ratios which reflect body proportions and the traits of feminine characteristics had smaller but significant effects on female body attractiveness, and such effects were stronger at optimum Volume-Height Index.     

多题多做测验模型及其应用

在IRT框架下,建立了0-1评分方式下单维双参数Logistic多题多做（MAMI）测验模型。与Spray给出的一题多做（MASI）模型相比,MAMI不仅模型更加精致,而且扩展了适用范围,参数估计方法也不同,采用EM算法求取项目参数。Monte Carlo模拟结果显示,应用MAMI测验模型与测验题量作相应增加的作法相比,两者给出的能力估计精度相同,但MAMI模型给出的项目参数估计精度更高。如果将MAMI测验模型与被试人数相应增加的作法相比,项目参数的估计精度相同,但MAMI给出的能力参数估计精度更高。这个发现表明,在一定条件下若允许修改答案,并采用累加式记分方式,纵使题量不变,也可使能力估计的精度相当于题量增加一倍的估计精度,而项目参数估计精度也会提高。这些发现不仅对技能评价和认知能力评价有参考价值,而且对数据的处理方式也有参考价值     

诊断认知策略的几何类比推理测验题的特征及其编制研究

该文在新一代测验理论的视角下,以几何类比推理测验为研究对象,以认知策略的诊断为目的,研究更能引发被试的规则构建策略或选项剔除策略的项目的特征。研究结果表明,项目中元素数量是影响被试使用规则构建策略或选项剔除策略的关键因素,元素数量越多时越倾向于用规则构建策略,而元素数量越少时倾向于用选项剔除策略。研究结果可直接用于测验设计,使得测验能更多在某一策略的框假下分析描述被试特征。     

试从考古材料看《女青鬼律》的成书年代和流行地域

《女青鬼律》的成书年代、流行地域,学界有多种不同的看法,异说甚多。本文根据考古出土铭刻材料,提出《女青鬼律》的成书年代应为东晋中期,唐以前基本上只在江南地区流行,对丧葬制度的影响主要局限在南方地区。唐宋元明时期,其流行地域和影响仍主要在南方地区而不是北方地区。     

唯理论、普遍论与进化论——乔姆斯基语言天赋论思想探源

本文对乔姆斯基语言思想的认识论基础进行了梳理,作者认为唯理论是其语言天赋论萌芽的土壤,普遍语法是普遍主义在语言理论中的具体体现,语言天赋论告别了古典唯理论里的"灵魂"与"上帝",走向了同样具有不朽与万能品质的生物"基因"。     

等级反应模型下项目特征曲线等值法在大型考试中的应用

在中国最大的资格考试之一的经济专业资格考试中,为保证不同年度间考试的可比性、进行题库建设和为计算机自适应考试做准备,应用项目反应理论中等级反应模型下的项目特征曲线等值法,采用铆测验等值设计,实现了4个年度考试资料的项目参数和能力参数的等值,并成功地组建了经济专业题库。在此基础上,利用等值技术对不同年份试卷的划界分数进行了比较,为经济考试的合格标准制定、确保考试的公平性提供了实证依据。     

孙不二女丹功法浅述

孙不二,金代全真派著名女道士.孙不二继承了王重阳的内丹思想,注意到坤丹与男丹的区别,大大的发展了以生理转变为重要内容的女丹,成为后世坤丹道法之祖.本文以其著作为基础浅述其女丹功法.     

血糖水平对STZ鼠探究行为及学习记忆的影响

为了解不同血糖水平下链脲佐菌素诱导鼠（STZ鼠）探究行为与学习和记忆的变化情况,把60只STZ鼠按血糖水平分成高血糖组、良好血糖组和低血糖组3组,进行延迟时间、探究时间测定和小鼠跳台试验,并与正常对照组比较。结果发现,良好血糖组与正常对照组各检测指标均相近;3组STZ鼠延迟时间、完成迷津作业时间均按血糖值递增;组间差异显著;小鼠跳台试验中高血糖组的错误数最多,24小时后错误数最少,前后差值有组间差异;延迟时间、探究时间与血糖呈显著正相关,错误数差值与血糖呈显著负相关。结果表明,高血糖鼠的探究行为和学习能力最差,但对被动回避学习的记忆保持相对较好。     

The Effects of Extrinsic Motivation on Scientific and Artistic Creativity among Middle School Students

The present study tested the effects of extrinsic motivation on scientific and artistic creativity among Chinese middle school students. In Study 1, a between-groups design was applied to examine the effects of expected rewards on scientific and artistic creativity among 123 students, and in Study 2 the same design was applied to examine the effects of expected evaluation from different raters on scientific and artistic creativity among 120 students. We also considered the effects of grade and gender in both studies. The results of Study 1 indicated that expected material reward had significant negative effects on scientific creativity for 7th graders, while expected social reward had significant positive effects on scientific creativity for 8th graders, and both expected material and social rewards had significant positive effects on artistic creativity. The results of Study 2 indicated that expected evaluation from teachers and classmates had significant negative effects on scientific creativity and significant positive effects on artistic creativity. These results suggest that there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the effects of extrinsic motivation and creativity, Factors such as culture, type of extrinsic motivation, grade, and domains of creativity must be fully considered when cultivating adolescents’ creativity.     

如何统计寺院丛林中的“香火”现象

西方宗教的区位张力分布可用"钟形曲线"来进行描述,但对于包括中、日、韩等国在内的东方宗教来说,该曲线却完全不适用。东方宗教可用"不对称的下凹曲线"来进行整体的描述与把握。相应地,针对东方寺院丛林中的"香火"现象,其统计项目与原则也有所不同。