内隐和外显记忆测验中情绪词差异的ERP研究

运用事件相关电位(ERPs)技术, 采用学习-再认范式, 探讨情绪词(积极词和消极词)在内隐和外显记忆测验中的差异。结果发现：在内隐记忆测验中, 消极词的ERP波形比积极词更正; 在450~900 ms时程上存在提取方式的ERP分离, 即在内隐提取过程中, 消极词比积极词的ERP波形更正, 而在外显提取过程中, 二者ERP之间不存在差异。这些结果表明, 在相同编码影响下, 内隐提取对情绪性材料敏感, 而外显提取对情绪性材料不敏感。本实验结果说明刺激的情绪信息影响提取过程, 消极词语义较强的注意攫取能力主要体现在内隐提取阶段。     

经济伦理学的一个新视角:活动家商业伦理--论雅克·科里的经济伦理观

雅克·科里(Jacques Cory)是近年来经济伦理学领域的著名学者,其主要著作有《活动家商业伦理》(Activist Business Ethics)和《经济伦理学———小股东的伦理革命》(Business Ethics-the EthicalRevolution ofM inority Shareholders)等。科里的经济伦理观自成体系,见解独到,特别是其“活动家商业伦理”的思想为日益发展的经济伦理学提供了一个新的研究视角。与以往研究以“企业”活动为中心的经济伦理不同,科里从商业中活动家的伦理表现入手,阐述了伦理与民主在商业中的演变与进化,并详细阐述了基督教、犹太教、佛教与儒家等不同宗教…     

人工智能中知识获取面临的哲学困境及其未来走向

一人工智能中知识获取研究的现状所谓知识获取(knowledge acquistion,简称KA)就是把问题求解的专门知识(如事实、经验、规则等)从专家头脑或其他知识源(如书本、文献)中提取出来,然后将之转换成计算机系统内部表示的转换过程。综合而言,KA的任务是:获取领域专家或书本上的知识,在对其理解、选择、分析、抽取、汇集、分类和组织的基础上,转换成某种形式的系统内部表示;对已有的知识进行求精;检测并消除已有知识的矛盾性和冗余性,保持知识的一致性和完整约束性;通过某种推理或学习机制产生新的知识,扩充知识库。由于KA在人类智能活动中的重…     

不同血液净化方式对维持性血液透析患者微炎症指标及Fetuin-A的相关性研究

通过研究高通量血液透析(HFHD)和血液透析滤过(OL-HDF)两种血液净化模式对尿毒症患者血清白介素-1β(IL-1β)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、胎球蛋白A(Fetuin-A)水平的影响,旨在求其相关性.按不同血液净化模式,将维持性血液透析(MHD)患者随机分为HFHD组(A组)30例,OL-HDF组(B组)30例,健康对照组(C组)16例,通过测定A组、B组、C组透析前、A组、B组透析6个月后各项化验指标,经过统计学分析比对发现A组、B组血清Fetuin-A与IL-1β、hs-CRP、P、Ca×P呈负相关.本研究证明,MHD患者存在微炎症状态,其钙化抑制因子Fetuin-A较正常人明显降低,长期OL-HDF治疗(治疗大于6个月)对于改善MHD患者微炎症状态及升高钙化抑制因子Fetuin-A效果均明显优于HFHD.     

Memory conjunction errors for realistic faces are consistent with configural processing

Conjunction faces are formed from feature sets learned across different faces. In previous studies, false alarms (“old” responses) to conjunctions have been very high, approaching hits to old faces; this is surprising, because, perceptually, upright faces are processed configurally, with strong integration of parts into the whole. We test the idea that the atypical reliance on unrelated parts could be due to using unnatural line drawings as stimuli, and to forming conjunctions across external features (e.g., hair) and internal features (e.g., eyes, mouth). We used realistic face stimuli and conjunctions made entirely from internal features. Results were, as expected, consistent with configural processing for upright faces (hits to old faces much greater than FA to conjunctions) and not for inverted faces (hits to old = FA to conjunctions).     

Developmental transition of EEG spectra to alpha band in a sample of children with developmental disabilities

Developmental transition of EEG spectra to alpha band of 14 children with developmental disabilities (from 7 yr. and 3 mo. to 16 yr. and 1 mo. of age at the first EEG recording: M= 13.2, SD=2.6; 6 girls and 8 boys) was studied by auto-power spectrum analysis longitudinally. The results showed the mean age (14.1 yr. to 14.8 yr. in the four regions of the frontal, central, parietal, and occipital regions) for subjects and their mean frequency (4.2 Hz to 4.7 Hz in the 4 regions) at which EEG shift started from theta band, and those means (15.1 yr. to 15.7 yr. and 9.5 Hz to 9.6 Hz in the 4 regions) at which EEG shift reached the alpha band. Prior EEG research on healthy children has shown that approximately 10 years of age is critical for developmental transition of EEG spectra to alpha frequencies. It is suggested that the present data showed a delay of this critical age for this sample of children with developmental disabilities relative to 10 years for healthy children reported by Katada, et al. and Benninger, et al.     

Why do people reject unintended inequity? Responders' rejection in a truncated ultimatum game

Rejection of an inequitable and yet unintended outcome in a truncated ultimatum game was examined in an experiment with 46 undergraduate students (27 men and 19 women) from a large national university in Japan. In an ultimatum game, one of two players, the proposer, makes an offer to divide a fixed-sum of money. The other player, the responder, decides whether to accept or reject the offer. When the responder rejects the proposer's offer, neither of the two players receives a reward. Previous work examining the behavior of participants in the truncated ultimatum game employed strategy method in their experimental design. We examined whether these previous findings would be replicated in an experimental design that did not use the strategy method and instead used the standard one-shot game. Seven out of 46 responders given an inequitable offer rejected it, replicating prior results with the strategy method. We further found that subjects who rejected an offer that was involuntary and yet inequitable did not over-attribute intentions to the proposer's involuntary behavior more strongly than did acceptors. These findings strongly suggest that aversion to inequity is the explanation for the subjects' rejection of the inequitable offer.     

同伴冲突解决的干预训练对小学儿童合作的影响

本研究通过对小学儿童进行为期六周的冲突解决六步法干预训练,探讨培养合作的有效手段和途径.结果表明,实验班被试与控制班被试相比,他们在假想情境中的冲突解决策略水平有了显著提高;问卷调查和对教师的访谈显示,实验班被试能将解决冲突的高水平策略迁移到现实生活中.事实证明,同伴冲突解决六步法能提高小学儿童解决假想情境和实际生活中同伴冲突的策略水平;“六步法”的干预训练是培养儿童合作的行之有效的干预方法.     

3～6岁幼儿好奇心结构探索与验证性因子分析

以幼儿园3～6岁幼儿为对象,通过80名幼儿教师对480名幼儿好奇心行为特征描述的开放式问卷调查,编制出60个项目的初始问卷,对500名幼儿的初测结果进行探索性因子分析后,形成了33个项目的正式问卷,对1000名幼儿的评价结果进行验证性因子分析,结果表明:教师评价的3～6岁幼儿好奇心结构包括敏感、对未知事物的关注、好问、喜欢摆弄、探索持久和好奇体验6个因子。