Personality, psychopathology, and demographic correlates of medical vs behavioral reasons for referral in alcoholic men

The personality, psychopathological, and demographic differences between 330 alcoholic men referred for behavioral problems and 104 alcoholic men referred for medical problems were examined. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 indicated that those referred for behavioral problems showed more antisocial characteristics, while those referred for medical reasons had more subjective distress, were more highly introverted, and showed greater somatic preoccupation. Hispanic alcoholic men had a significantly higher proportion of medical referrals than Caucasian and African-American alcoholic men.     

Task-effector asymmetries in a rhythmic continuation task

Variability in rhythmic movements has been interpreted as a signature of internal or peripheral noise processes. Grounded in an oscillator interpretation, this study hypothesized that period variability and drift arises from the asymmetry between target period and the limb's intrinsic dynamics. Participants synchronized to 7 target periods, swinging 1 of 3 pendulums in a continuation paradigm; 3 periods were longer, 3 shorter, and 1 identical to the preferred period. Results supported 5 predictions: Drift toward the preferred period was observed that scaled with the asymmetry. Variability was lowest for symmetry conditions and increased with the asymmetry. Variability decreased concomitant with the approach toward the preferred period. Periods exponentially approached the preferred period with positive autocorrelations up to 10 cycles.     

辩证分析兴奋性氨基酸对神经细胞的双重作用

兴奋性氨基酸（ＥＡＡｓ） 广泛分布于中枢神经系统,参与多种生理过程包括学习、记忆和伤害感受等。然而,ＥＡＡｓ 受体的过度兴奋却可引发一系列细胞事件,最终导致神经元的损伤与死亡。许多神经退行性疾病如早老性痴呆、癫痫和肌侧索硬化症等都与ＥＡＡｓ 的兴奋毒作用有关。目前的研究表明,由ＥＡＡｓ 受体过度兴奋所引发的细胞内钙超载是导致神经元死亡的最终途径     

学习不良儿童的家庭心理环境,父母教养方式及其与社会性发展的关系

从２３０８名１０—１５岁儿童中选取４２９名被试的研究结果表明．一般儿童的家庭心理环境、父母教养方式大大优于学习不良儿童,这些家庭资源与学习不良儿童的社会交往、自我概念和社会行为等有着密切的联系,说明家庭心理环境、父母教养方式对学习不良儿童社会性发展产生着重要作用。     

论医易融合视角下的孙思邈摄生养性之道

在继承传统中医思想基础上,同时深受《周易》养生理念的影响,孙思邈创造性地育成出以养性为核心的养生之道。养性包含"性自为善"的养德和"啬神"的养神两个方面,内涵着精神内守、神形合一,是汲取了《周易》的"成性"、修德得以"兼善天下"以及《内经》养德宁性的修身原则等思想,成为养性的精神层面上的根本要求。同时,"资于食"、"俭约"的饮食之理、"导气之道"的导引术以及生活简朴、毋为物累等思想,与《周易》和《内经》的"需于酒食"、"安节"、"甘节"、"节以制度"和"一阖一辟""呼吸精气"、"纳气"等也是一脉相承的,成为"养性"的养生之道物质层面上的必不可少的组成部分。总之,孙思邈"养性"养生之道中的养性和养形,不仅含蕴着养生实践路向(养性、养神、养形)和价值取向(长生久视之道),而且揭示了医易相合的理论根基。     

对当代学者恩格尔哈特俗世生命伦理学的中国化解读

对当代美国生命伦理学家恩格尔哈特的俗世生命伦理学思想进行中国化解读:对文化背景之差异性解读和对人伦关系的历史理解之差异性解读.在此基础上;认识允许原则及其恩氏俗世生命伦理学在中国应用中的有限性.其对中国生命伦理学的发展具有重要的启示作用.     

综合医院如何识别精神疾患——以双心门诊服务为例

本文以双心门诊服务为例,介绍了在综合医院门诊服务中如何融入心理卫生视角,如何发现和诊治精神障碍,同时鉴别和处理患者的心理问题.重点强调了精神科方法的特殊性——既有常规的因果论说明,也要有目的论的理解.只有将患者的临床表现与行为应对放到个性、生存环境的大背景下加以有意义的理解,才能更好地帮助患者追求健康和应对疾病.文章最后,给出了精神科与内科如何进行临床分工合作的实际做法供参考.     

An associative model of adaptive inference for learning word-referent mappings

People can learn word–referent pairs over a short series of individually ambiguous situations containing multiple words and referents (Yu & Smith, 2007, Cognition 106: 1558–1568). Cross-situational statistical learning relies on the repeated co-occurrence of words with their intended referents, but simple co-occurrence counts cannot explain the findings. Mutual exclusivity (ME: an assumption of one-to-one mappings) can reduce ambiguity by leveraging prior experience to restrict the number of word–referent pairings considered but can also block learning of non-one-to-one mappings. The present study first trained learners on one-to-one mappings with varying numbers of repetitions. In late training, a new set of word–referent pairs were introduced alongside pretrained pairs; each pretrained pair consistently appeared with a new pair. Results indicate that (1) learners quickly infer new pairs in late training on the basis of their knowledge of pretrained pairs, exhibiting ME; and (2) learners also adaptively relax the ME bias and learn two-to-two mappings involving both pretrained and new words and objects. We present an associative model that accounts for both results using competing familiarity and uncertainty biases.     

Emotion and decision-making: affect-driven belief systems in anxiety and depression

Emotion processing and decision-making are integral aspects of daily life. However, our understanding of the interaction between these constructs is limited. In this review, we summarize theoretical approaches that link emotion and decision-making, and focus on research with anxious or depressed individuals to show how emotions can interfere with decision-making. We integrate the emotional framework based on valence and arousal with a Bayesian approach to decision-making in terms of probability and value processing. We discuss how studies of individuals with emotional dysfunctions provide evidence that alterations of decision-making can be viewed in terms of altered probability and value computation. We argue that the probabilistic representation of belief states in the context of partially observable Markov decision processes provides a useful approach to examine alterations in probability and value representation in individuals with anxiety and depression, and outline the broader implications of this approach.