道与时间——以金岳霖《论道》为中心

金岳霖将"道"视作"时间"的根基与归宿,视"时间"为道演过程中出现的一种特定现象。他注重"时间"的"秩序"义,以个体的变动作为时间的实质,并以"运"与"命"作为个体"时间"的具体表现形态,同时考察了"时间"与"意味"之间的关系。金岳霖将"时间"概念主题化,对"时间"的理解与规定逻辑严密,又兼具中国情怀,这丰富与深化了20世纪中国哲学对"时间"问题的研究。     

亚当·斯密的同情概念解析

同情是亚当·斯密伦理学的核心概念,但在其定义上仍有争议,表现为两个问题:其一,同情是否是情感;其二,同情是否是情感理解能力。从斯密的文本看,同情是旁观者的情感,来源于想象的处境转换;然而,旁观者在同情过程中不一定会转换为当事人的心理状态,因此,同情不是对情感的理解或理解能力,而是为评价当事人的情感是否具有合宜性提供参照。虽然否定同情是情感理解能力,但这并不代表斯密主张忽视他人的实际情感。相反,同情为有差异的个体情感创造了交流的基础,自我和他人在相互同情中达成一致,这也是道德生活的基础。斯密通过对同情概念的不同诠释,开出了一条不同于利己主义和利他主义的道德建构之路。澄清同情的含义,不仅有助于理解斯密的理论,也为涉及这一概念的其他研究(如镜像神经元)提供了清晰的理论资源。     

Community Storytelling Network,Neighborhood Context,and Civic Engagement: A Multilevel Approach

From a communication infrastructure theory perspective, the current study examined individuals’ civic engagement (neighborhood belonging, collective efficacy, and civic participation) as influenced by 2 multilevel components of the communication infrastructure—an integrated connectedness to a storytelling network (ICSN) and the residential context—focusing on ethnic heterogeneity and residential stability. Our multilevel analyses show that ICSN is the most important individual‐level factor in civic engagement—neighborhood belonging, collective efficacy, and civic participation—after controlling for other individual‐level and neighborhood‐level factors. In both ethnically homogeneous and heterogeneous areas and in both stable and unstable areas, ICSN is an important factor in civic engagement. As contextual factors, residential stability positively affects neighborhood belonging and collective efficacy, and ethnic heterogeneity is negatively related to collective efficacy. Our data do not show any direct contextual effects of residential stability or ethnic heterogeneity on civic participation. However, our HLM analysis showed that the relative importance of ICSN for the likelihood of participation in civic activities is significantly higher in unstable or ethnically heterogeneous areas than in stable or ethnically homogeneous areas.     

Blue Monday Is Real for Suicide: A Case–Control Study of 188,601 Suicides

Many studies have reported that suicides tend to occur on Mondays. However, owing to a lack of controls, conclusive findings on the potential effects of a day of the week on suicides have been lacking. We analyzed public data for causes of death from 1997 to 2015 in the Republic of Korea. Accidental death was used as a control group. The probability of suicide on each day of the week according to age group was calculated. A total of 377,204 deaths (188,601 suicides and 188,603 accidental deaths) were used. The frequency of suicide was highest on Monday and decreased throughout the week until Saturday. Accidental death was highest on Saturday and showed no variations according to weekday. For people in their teens and 20s, the probabilities of suicide on Monday were 9% and 10% higher, respectively, than those on Sunday. As age increased, the differences in suicide probability according to the day of the week were attenuated. The so‐called Blue Monday effect is real, particularly for people in their teens and 20s. Suicide prevention strategies that aim to attenuate the burden and stress of Mondays should be planned.