求真理去服务得自由——郭永玉教授专访

2020年最后一天,郭永玉教授应《心理新青年》网络平台的邀请,接受了两个小时的访谈。他介绍了自己的求学经历,强调了八十年代的思想解放运动的影响,回顾了他先后在华中师大、南京师大、武汉大学和在国外的求学过程,认为心理学史、人格心理学和社会心理学虽然是其所涉及的看上去跨度很大的三个学科,但有一种线索贯穿始终,那就是人性问题。郭教授还谈到人格心理学的分化与整合问题,结合社会阶层研究讨论了心理学促进社会治理的途径,强调了心理学的社会科学属性和使命,认为既要重视学术服务社会特别是促进国家的现代化,又要保持学术研究的独立性。最后,他对青年一代学者提出了治学的建议,希望青年学人要有人文社会科学的大格局,做出无愧于时代要求和自我理想的新贡献。访谈全文经《心理新青年》授权《心理学探新》发表,特向《心理新青年》编辑部的所有同事们表示感谢。     

Occupational Stress in Workers and Managers in Steelworks in China

Occupational stressors and strains of 121 Chinese steelwork employees and 122 managers were measured using the Chinese version of the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI). It was found that factors intrinsic to the job, Type A behavior, logic, and organizational structure and climate were the main predictors of mental ill-health and physical ill-health in managers. Organizational structure and climate and relationships with other people were important predictors for workers. Management processes and organizational forces were the strongest predicting factors of job satisfaction in both samples. On certain OSI scales and subscales, managers scored statistically higher than workers. It is proposed that these results reflect the enormous economic and social changes currently taking place in China, together with certain features inherent in Chinese organizational and managerial processes.     

六至十二岁儿童形成延緩条件反射的年龄特点

問題謝切諾夫曾經指出研究儿童內抑制发展的重要意义。对于儿童来說,延緩抑制是一种比較困难的內抑制。关于这方面的研究工作,有的是比較5岁和12岁儿童的延緩抑制的差别,有的是研究9岁以上儿童延緩抑制的发展。这些实驗結果,一方面說明了5岁儿童形成延緩条件反射是极其困难甚至不可能的,另一方面也看到9岁以上儿童的延緩抑制随着年龄增长而逐漸发展的情况。但是綜合这些研究尚不能比較完整地看到延緩抑制在儿童不同年龄阶段的发展特点,尤其是6至9岁年龄阶段儿童延緩抑制的发展情况及其在整个发展过程中的地位。根据上述已有的实驗結果,我們設想儿童的延緩抑制在这一年龄阶段可能有一个比較重要的发展。同时,为了能比較完整地看到儿童延緩抑制的发展过程,所以我們进行了本研究。     

Group boundary permeability moderates the effect of a dependency meta‐stereotype on help‐seeking behaviour

Previous studies have found that when low‐status group members are aware that their in‐group is stereotyped as dependent by a specific out‐group (i.e. a dependency meta‐stereotype is salient), they are reluctant to seek help from the high‐status out‐group to avoid confirming the negative meta‐stereotype. However, it is unclear whether low‐status group members would seek more help in the context of a salient dependency meta‐stereotype when there is low (vs. high) group boundary permeability. Therefore, we conducted two experiments to examine the moderating effect of permeability on meta‐stereotype confirmation with a real group. In study 1, we manipulated the salience of the dependency meta‐stereotype, measured participants' perceived permeability and examined their help‐seeking behaviour in a real‐world task. Participants who perceived low permeability sought more help when the meta‐stereotype was salient (vs. not salient), whereas participants who perceived high permeability sought the same amount of help across conditions. In study 2, we manipulated the permeability levels and measured the dependency meta‐stereotype. Participants who endorsed a high‐dependency meta‐stereotype sought more help than participants who endorsed a low‐dependency meta‐stereotype; this effect was particularly strong in the low‐permeability condition. The implications of these results for social mobility and intergroup helping are discussed.     

Does Economic Development Affect Life Satisfaction? A Spatial–Temporal Contextual Analysis in China

Social context affects people’s life satisfaction because it provides a natural reference for evaluating their own socioeconomic standing. Given their reference role, social contexts operationalized by space versus time may have very different implications. Our hypothesis is that spatial variation in economic development has little impact on life satisfaction as individuals living in different locales are unlikely to experience this variation personally, but that short-term temporal changes in economic development, on the other hand, do have an impact, as individuals in a given locale experience these changes directly. These two very different implications of spatial versus temporal social contexts are tested with an analysis of repeated survey data in 60 counties of China from 2005 to 2010. The results show that life satisfaction does not vary much with regional differences in economic development but responds positively to the local level of economic development over time. That is, the contextual effects of economic development vary greatly depending on how social context is operationalized. Temporal context matters far more than regional context where individuals’ life satisfaction is concerned.     

Family Therapy for an Adult Child Experiencing Bullying and Game Addiction: An Application of Bowenian and MRI Theories

Bowenian theory and MRI family therapy model were chosen to treat a Korean male adult client whose symptomatic problems were bullying and game addiction. To test its validity of therapeutic effectiveness, the following case analysis methods were used: narrative analysis of interview contents, categorization of the nine sessions of verbatim, videotaping, and notes according to classified concepts (i.e., triangulation), and explanation using matrix and network. Results showed that low level of differentiation, patterns of emotional cutoff, and dynamics of triangulation were clearly present in this client. After MRI family therapy, changes were evident in perceptive references, communication patterns, stress-coping mechanism, symptomatic behaviors, and intra-family relationships.     

Developing Pairwise Preference-Based Personality Test and Experimental Investigation of Its Resistance to Faking Effect by Item Response Model

Recent years have shown increased awareness of the importance of personality tests in educational, clinical, and occupational settings, and developing faking-resistant personality tests is a very pragmatic issue for achieving more precise measurement. Inspired by Stark (2002) and Stark, Chernyshenko, and Drasgow (2005), we develop a pairwise preference-based personality test that aims to measure multidimensional personality traits using a large-scale statement bank. An experiment compares the resistance of the developed personality test to faking with that of rating scale-based personality tests in the item response theory model framework. Results show that latent traits estimated from the personality test based on the rating scale method are severely biased, and that faking effect can be pragmatically ignored in the personality test developed based on the pairwise preference method.     

How are bodies special? Effects of body features on spatial reasoning

Embodied views of cognition argue that cognitive processes are influenced by bodily experience. This implies that when people make spatial judgments about human bodies, they bring to bear embodied knowledge that affects spatial reasoning performance. Here, we examined the specific contribution to spatial reasoning of visual features associated with the human body. We used two different tasks to elicit distinct visuospatial transformations: object-based transformations, as elicited in typical mental rotation tasks, and perspective transformations, used in tasks in which people deliberately adopt the egocentric perspective of another person. Body features facilitated performance in both tasks. This result suggests that observers are particularly sensitive to the presence of a human head and body, and that these features allow observers to quickly recognize and encode the spatial configuration of a figure. Contrary to prior reports, this facilitation was not related to the transformation component of task performance. These results suggest that body features facilitate task components other than spatial transformation, including the encoding of stimulus orientation.     

词素的结构对称效应:结构对称汉语成语认知特点的进一步研究

运用词素启动作业,进一步考察了结构对称性汉语成语的识别过程.结果发现(1)无论是用成语的前二个字还是后二个字启动,在成语识别过程中都存在明显的词素结构对称效应,即结构对称成语中的词素启动效应明显大于非对称成语中的词素启动效应.(2)成语的结构对称性、熟悉度和启动词素位置之间存在显著的三阶相互作用.简单效应的分析表明无论成语前二个字还是后二个字启动,词素的结构对称效应均只在低熟悉度成语的识别过程中显著;在前二个字启动时,非对称成语的识别还存在熟悉度效应.