摧毁与解构

当海德格尔把理解这个主题从一种人文科学的方法论学说,提升为此在的本体论的生存论环节和基础时,解释学维度就不再意味着现象学的植根于具体知觉的意向性研究的一个较高层面了,而是以欧洲为基地,把几乎同时在盎格鲁撒克逊逻辑学中实现的“转向语言”在现象学研究思潮中突现出来了。在胡塞尔和舍勒尔对现象学研究的最初展开中,尽管有向生活世界的各种转向,但语言问题依然是完全蔽而不显的。     

Interval and ratio reinforcement of a complex sequential operant in pigeons

Pigeons were required to produce exactly four pecks on each of two keys in any order for reinforcement. Correct response sequences were reinforced on either fixed-interval two-minute or fixed-ratio four schedules, with each correct sequence treated as a single response. Each pigeon developed a particular dominant sequence that accounted for more than 80% of all sequences. Sequence stereotypy was relatively unaffected by the temporal properties of the fixed-interval and fixed-ratio schedules. Response time (time from the first response in each sequence to the last) was also relatively unaffected by the temporal properties of the schedules. In contrast, response latency (time from end of one sequence to the beginning of the next) was markedly affected by the schedules. Latencies were long early in the interreinforcement interval and got shorter as the interreinforcement interval progressed. These data suggest that stereotyped response sequences become functional behavioral units, resistant to disruption or alteration by reinforcement variables that ordinarily influence the temporal spacing of individual responses.     

4-6岁儿童认知发展过程中直接认知成分与间接认知成分相互关系的研究

本实验是分析学前儿童认知过程中三种不同的条件(实物、照片、语言指示)对儿童计数、操作和比较活动的影响,探讨认知的各直接成分和各间接成分的关系在儿童认知发展中的作用;并了解3—6岁儿童在三种认知活动中的特点。     

迈向哲学的哲学

几十年前我开始哲学玄想的时候,就想当然地认为:任何人只要竭尽全力研攻哲学,他就能够创立一种哲学体系,以后他就要坚持这种哲学并为捍卫自己的哲学而与论敌进行有说服力的论战,这种哲学时时会有小的变化,但并不需要大的修改。我周围的哲学家们好象也是这么设想的。但是事实逐渐推翻了这样的设想。我现在的哲学之所以形成,主要是由于这种设想破灭的结果。如果我未曾改变那种把哲学研究看成是建立一种似乎坚定不移的体系的话,那就会导致而且肯定会使     

社会主义社会的无神论和精神文化

在苏联,由于经济和社会关系的伟大革命改造,建成了发达的社会主义社会。苏联的生活方式决定了社会意识的普遍无神论化,因此,在苏联社会生活中,科学无神论的社会功能和文化功能得以充实和扩大,科学无神论同物质和精神实践的各方面、各领域的联系得以巩固和完善。在信教者中间,虔诚狂热的信徒逐渐减少,这类现象证明,宗教在我国社会中的影响正在减退。     

不能否认有主体的认识论

Ⅱ这篇论文是我以前的一篇题名为《可错论和必然性》的姐妹篇。在那篇论文里主要讨论的是皮尔士在他的数学哲学中所提出的一个问题:我们是否有可能一方面主张我们的数学信念是可错的,另一方面又主张数学真理具有必然性。我的结论是一旦我们正确地阐述了什么是可错论,那么可错论和必然性在事实上是完全相容的:只要我们认识到可错论是关于我们容易犯错误的理论,而不是关于我们所相信的东西的模态地位(可能假)的理论,那么这一点就很清楚了。由这一结论所引起的一系列的思想导致了现在的这篇论文:如果可     

Standardized classroom management program: Social validation and replication studies in Utah and Oregon

A comprehensive validation study was conducted of the Program for Academic Survival Skills (PASS), a consultant-based, teacher-mediated program for student classroom behavior. The study addressed questions related to: (a) brief consultant training, (b) subsequent teacher training by consultants using PASS manuals, (c) contrasts between PASS experimental teachers and students and equivalent controls on measures of teacher management skills, student classroom behavior, teacher ratings of student problem behaviors, and academic achievement, (d) reported satisfaction of participants, and (e) replication of effects across two separate school sites. Results indicated that in both sites significant effects were noted in favor of the PASS experimental group for (a) teacher approval, (b) student appropriate classroom behavior, and (c) four categories of student inappropriate behavior. Program satisfaction ratings of students, teachers, and consultants were uniformly positive, and continued use of the program was reported a year later. Discussion focused upon issues of cost-effectiveness, differential site effects, and the relationship between appropriate classroom behavior and academic achievement.     

新康德主义

新康德主义一词,是用来说明1870年至1920年间,遍及全德国的一种多少有些相似的哲学活动;它们都强烈地反对非理性主义与思辨的自然主义,确信只有回到康德的方法与精神上去,哲学才可能成为一种“科学”;除此之外,它们没有多少共同之处。这些哲学活动是实现了康德的预言,即一百年内他的哲学会得到复兴。由于康德哲学的复杂性与内部矛盾,新康德主义者从哥尼斯堡的圣人那里取来的经并不一样,他们主张不一,众说纷纭。到十九世纪末,新康德主义者之间,和在其初期第一代的康德主义者活     

哲学在马克思主义中的作用

1973年8月,南斯拉夫实践派的哲学家们,在科尔丘拉岛举行第十次夏季哲学问题讨论会。会议的总题目是:资本主义世界和社会主义。在这个标题下,大家也谈到了哲学的作用以及哲学和科学的关系。会上,G.彼得洛维奇就哲学的作用问题作了报告;接着,我也就这个论题发表了讲话。这篇讲话最初发表在1974年的《实践杂志》(第45页-52页)上。     

我们争论的是什么?(代结束语)

我不想涉及过去对我的文章的各种反应的全部内容,只想就述评的某些地方做些简要的答复,这些地方我认为需要加以解释。 1.我一再特别强调:我所捍卫的按照从抽象上升到具体的方法来叙述辩证法的命题并不是我提