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921.
922.
We identified two characteristics of the impression formation process that may cause people to underestimate the riskiness of potential sexual partners. In Study 1, participants were quite confident that they could determine whether someone was lying to them about risk-related behavior when, in reality, they could not. Particularly troubling was a “truth bias” that resulted in relatively high rates of truth detection, but poor lie detection. In Study 2, increased familiarity with a target person (who actually was HIV+) caused participants to lower their estimates of the target's riskiness, despite the fact that we explicitly warned them that the target might be HIV+. We suggest that such processes may foster the illusion of knowing one's partner when one does not. 相似文献
923.
Richard H. Roberts 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》1995,10(2):121-137
This paper tests the hypothesis that contemporary global and globalised religion as exemplified in the Chicago ‘Parliament of the World's Religions’ of 1993 may be regarded as a resource which is central, rather than marginal to current human concerns in a threatened world. The paper is structured as follows. First, a short personal narrative gives some sense of what happened at the Parliament, and how this affected one of those present. Second, as a means of conveying the scale of the meeting, a brief content analysis and interpretation of the programme shows how (within certain limits) collaboration was made possible. Third, three insights are drawn from current sociology that facilitate an informed, albeit preliminary, evaluation of the Parliament as emancipatory event. These are: i) recent globalisation theory of the world system (Roland Robertson and Peter Beyer); ii) differentiation in a social reality understood as an “economy of signs and space”; (Scott Lash and John Urry); and in) the search for “meta‐theory”; in the “condition of post‐modernity”; (David Harvey). Fourth, some implications of the analysis and interpretation are drawn out which suggest that religion can be understood as a differentiated global resource, an ambiguous, yet dynamic form of ‘cultural capital’ of vital import in an era of post‐materialist value formation. Fifth, in conclusion, it is argued that thus understood the globalised religion represented by the 1993 ‘Parliament of the World's Religions’ has wider implications for the study of contemporary religion and forms of religiosity. Religion returns from the theoretical and cultural periphery (a marginalisation promoted by traditional secularisation theory) into a close relation to the core issues of our time. This is an optimistic interpretation of an event, the significance of which, in the opinion of this writer, should not be underestimated in the evaluation of religion as global resource. 相似文献
924.
925.
We quantified the ability of human subjects to discriminate the relative distance of two points from a slanted plane when viewing the projected velocities of this scene (orthographic projection). The relative distance from a plane (called relief) is a 3-D property that is invariant under linear (affine) transformations. As such, relief canin principle be extracted from the instantaneous projected velocity field; a metric representation, which requires the extraction of visual acceleration, is not required. The stimulus consisted of a slanted planeP (specified by three points) and two pointsQ 1 andQ 2 that are non-coplanar withP. This configuration of points oscillated rigidly around the vertical axis. We have measured thesystematic error andaccuracy with which human subjects estimate the relative distance of pointsQ 1 andQ 2 from planeP as a function of the slant ofP. The systematic error varies with slant: it is low for small slant values, reaches a maximum for medium slant values, and drops again for high slant values. The accuracy covaries with the systematic error and is thus high for small and large slant values and low for medium slant values. These results are successfully modeled by a simple relief-from-motion computation based on local estimates of projected velocities. The data are well predicted by assuming (1) a measurement error in velocity estimation that varies proportionally to velocity (Weber’s law) and (2) an eccentricity-dependent underestimation of velocity. 相似文献
926.
Richard A. Tyrrell Ph.D. Julian F. Thayer Bruce H. Friedman Herschel W. Leibowitz Ellie L. Francis 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1995,30(1):46-67
Although the eyes and the heart serve very different purposes, each receives autonomic innervation. Capitalizing on recent
theoretical and technological innovations in the understanding and assessment of oculomotor and cardiovascular behavior, three
experiments measured behavioral covariation between the oculomotor and cardiovascular systems. Measures of dark focus and
dark vergence indexed oculomotor tone, and the spectral decomposition of variations in heart rate indexed cardiovascular control
mechanisms. In Experiment 1, individual differences in cardiovascular parameters could predict individuals’ dark vergence
(R2=.806) but not their dark focus (R2=.404). In Experiment 2, the same parameters were measured from subjects who experience either panic attacks (n=11) or blood phobia (n=9). Heart rate was positively correlated with dark vergence and the two subject groups were separable based on both oculomotor
and cardiovascular variables. Using a within-subjects approach, Experiment 3 found that both dark vergence and dark focus
tended to be nearer during sympathetic dominance of the heart than during parasympathetic dominance, within-subjects variations
in cardiovascular parameters could predict dark focus, and between-subjects variations in interbeat intervals could predict
dark vergence. Shared patterns of autonomic activation may be responsible for this eye-heart link. 相似文献
927.
Blair H. Turner Ph.D. Margaret E. Knapp 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1995,30(2):151-156
Consciousness and the disorders of consciousness can be more fully understood once they are integrated with the neurobiology
of mental events. After a review of animal and human research, we found several anatomical structures in the central nervous
system are required for consciousness. Identification of the critical structures, however, depends on what is meant by consciousness.
In the general sense of mental responsivity, the reticular activating system must be intact. Consciousness has also been defined
as the awareness of the sights, sounds, and feelings of everyday experience. In this sense, the system of sensory inputs and
outputs of the anterior temporal cortex, amygdala, and the hippocampus must be functional. There is no neural evidence for
“higher” consciousness. 相似文献
928.
Mark A. Lumley Willfried Schramm Cynthia S. Pomerleau Ovide F. Pomerleau Richard H. Smith 《Behavior research methods》1995,27(4):470-475
Cortisol can be used to indicate stress level as well as to monitor certain disease states. Although cortisol can be sampled from blood and urine, saliva sampling has decided advantages. Unfortunately, whole saliva contains a number of substances that can metabolize or bind with cortisol, potentially confounding analysis and quantitation. We introduce a semipermeable pouch that accumulates a contaminant-free salivary ultrafiltrate, thereby overcoming a number of the problems encountered with whole saliva. In three studies, we demonstrate accuracy and utility of the device for cortisol determination: (1) in an artificial medium, 60%–77% of the cortisol was recovered in the ultrafiltrate; (2) in vivo, ultrafiltrate cortisol correlated highly with whole-saliva cortisol collected under ideal conditions; and (3) ultrafiltrate cortisol evinced positive relationships with depression and cigarette use, consistent with studies in the literature. We conclude that this device and saliva-filtering technologies in general are useful in applications requiring quantitation of cortisol. 相似文献
929.
Robert H. Gilkey Michael D. Good Mark A. Ericson John Brinkman John M. Stewart 《Behavior research methods》1995,27(1):1-11
A technique is described for rapidly collecting responses in auditory-localization experiments. Subjects indicate the perceived direction of the sound by pointing at a 20-cm-diam spherical model. In Experiment 1, the subjects judged the direction of a broadband signal, which could originate from any of 239 directions ranging through 360° of azimuth and between ?45° and +90° of elevation. Using this technique, the subjects responded 2–8 times more rapidly than previous subjects who used either a verbal-reporting technique or a head-pointing technique. Localization judgments were as accurate as they had been with verbal reports, but were not as accurate as judgments collected using the head-pointing technique. In Experiment 2, the signal was turned off and the experimenter read the spherical coordinates of the signal location to the subjects. The subjects pointed to these coordinates more accurately than they had judged the direction of the sounds in Experiment 1, suggesting that the response technique had not been the limiting factor in that experiment. Circumstances relevant to the choice of response techniques for auditory-localization experiments are discussed. 相似文献
930.
John B. Jolly Psy.D. Jeffrey N. Wherry David C. Wiesner Douglas H. Reed J. Chris Rule Janet M. Jolly 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1994,22(6):691-702
This study examined the mediating role of anxiety in the self-reports of somatic complaints in 96 depressed adolescent inpatients. Sixty-four subjects with major depressive episodes and comorbid anxiety disorders (MDE-A) determined from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) reported significantly more somatic complaints than 32 adolescents having major depressive episodes without comorbid anxiety (MDE). An analysis of covariance demonstrated that, with anxiety symptoms controlled, MDE and MDE-A groups did not differ significantly in somatic complaints. A hierarchical multiple-regression analysis revealed that, with demographic and anxiety symptoms controlled, depressive symptoms did not contribute to the explanation or prediction of somatic complaints. The results suggest that anxious, but not depressive symptoms, are independently associated with somatic complaints. The results are discussed in light of new affective models of psychopathology. 相似文献