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William H.B. McAuliffe Hannah Moshontz Thomas G. McCauley Michael E. McCullough 《欧洲人格杂志》2020,34(5):903-916
Although most people present themselves as possessing prosocial traits, people differ in the extent to which they actually act prosocially in everyday life. Qualitative data that were not ostensibly collected to measure prosociality might contain information about prosocial dispositions that is not distorted by self-presentation concerns. This paper seeks to characterise charitable donors from qualitative data. We compared a manual approach of extracting predictors from participants' self-described personal strivings to two automated approaches: A summation of words predefined as prosocial and a support vector machine classifier. Although variables extracted by the support vector machine predicted donation behaviour well in the training sample (N = 984), virtually, no variables from any method significantly predicted donations in a holdout sample (N = 496). Raters' attempts to predict donations to charity based on reading participants' personal strivings were also unsuccessful. However, raters' predictions were associated with past charitable involvement. In sum, predictors derived from personal strivings did not robustly explain variation in charitable behaviour, but personal strivings may nevertheless contain some information about trait prosociality. The sparseness of personal strivings data, rather than the irrelevance of open-ended text or individual differences in goal pursuit, likely explains their limited value in predicting prosocial behaviour. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology 相似文献
914.
John Michael Alina Gutoreva Michele H. Lee Peng Ning Tan Eleanor M. Bruce Marcell Székely Thobhani Ankush Hiroaki Sakaguchi Lukasz Walasek Elliot A. Ludvig 《决策行为杂志》2020,33(3):270-286
People's risky decisions are susceptible to the social context in which they take place. Across three experiments using different paradigms, we investigated the influence of three social factors upon participants' decisions: the recipient of the decision-making outcome (self, other, or joint), the nature of the relationship with the other agent (friend, stranger, or teammate), and the type of information that participants received about others' preferences: none at all, general information about how previous participants had decided, or information about a specific partner's preference. We found that participants' decisions about risk did not differ according to whether the outcome at stake was their own, another agent's, or a joint outcome, nor according to the type of information available. Participants did, however, adjust their preferences for risky options in light of social information. 相似文献
915.
Deane E. Aikins Robert H. Pietrzak Joseph C. Geraci Todd Benham Paul Morrissey Steven M. Southwick 《Military psychology》2020,32(5):419-427
ABSTRACT Low treatment utilization in Soldiers with combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an ongoing issue. The critical concern is to better understand factors which prohibit a Soldier with PTSD who wants help from seeking treatment (an “inclined abstainer”). A total of 537 Active Duty Soldiers on a US Army post completed a brief survey comprising psychometrically validated measures of stigma, behavioral health treatment beliefs, resilience, PTSD symptoms, and treatment intentions. Health-care records were prospectively tracked for 12 months to determine the relation between survey answers and treatment utilization. Sixty-three percent of those who acknowledged having a mental health-related problem did not seek help within a one-year period. Greater severity of PTSD symptoms was associated with an increased likelihood of behavioral health engagement. Soldiers that were classified as “inclined abstainers” were also more likely to endorse negative beliefs about psychotherapy and report higher levels of resilience as compared to “inclined actors.” These results suggest that a treatment model of PTSD emphasizing self-efficacy and self-reliance, while addressing negative beliefs about psychotherapy, may help promote engagement of behavioral health services among Active Duty Soldiers. 相似文献
916.
Uma Kedharnath Lynn M. Shore James H. Dulebohn 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2020,28(3):351-363
This study explores job seekers’ information‐seeking and pre‐hire trust, and the role of reciprocation wariness in the development of pre‐hire trust. Individuals seeking a job with a technology company (N = 192) reported their perceptions of the organization’s website usability and perceived similarity to their recruiter, organizational trustworthiness and trust, and intent to accept a job offer. Wariness moderated the relationship between website usability perceptions and trustworthiness. Unexpectedly, the interaction was in the opposite direction of what we predicted. In addition, job seekers’ perceived similarity to their recruiter related to trustworthiness, and trust related to intent to accept a job offer. Our findings suggest that to some extent, recruiting organizations can encourage trust perceptions in the pre‐hire context. 相似文献
917.
Steven H. Knoblauch 《Psychoanalytic Dialogues》2020,30(3):331-335
In responding to the rich discussions from Stephen Hartman and Lara Sheehi (this issue), the author builds on the ways each discussant explores how invisibility and visibility shape phantomatic obstacles to reckoning with race in psychoanalytic theory and practice. A struggle with the nexus of racial and other discursive hierarchies of interpellation can serve to liberate clinical movement, otherwise infected by incarcerating categories. This effort is demonstrated to challenge both patient and analyst to find ways to trans-form racial stereotypes of rescuer and victim. Escape from such discursive traps as understanding, empathy, containment and/or recognition challenges the analyst, as Hartman reminds, to embrace vulnerability as a guiding muse and nonrecognition as a source of learning. Such efforts are offered to facilitate a trans-formation process for both clinical participants as intersubjects, complexly constituted by conscious and unconscious ideological (Sheehi, this issue) histories and affiliations. 相似文献
918.
Alain Van Hiel Emma Onraet Dries H. Bostyn Jonas Stadeus Tessa Haesevoets Jasper Van Assche 《European Review of Social Psychology》2020,31(1):183-221
ABSTRACT Many studies have investigated the relationship between ideological attitudes and aggressive tendencies. The present meta-analytic integration of research on this relationship included data of 177 samples (total N = 47,933 participants). The results revealed that this relationship was substantial, r =.31, 95% CI [.27 to.35], p <.001. Such a relationship emerged for both attitudes towards violence and behavioural indicators, although the former relationship was stronger. Moreover, with respect to the different types of attitudes towards violence, we obtained equally strong relationships for attitudes towards war and military action, intergroup hostility and aggression, punitive attitudes, and intimate violence. Among the behavioural measures, context-specific aggression bore out a stronger effect size than chronic aggressive behaviour. Finally, type of right-wing attitude did not moderate the relationship under study. In the discussion, we argue that the pattern of results indicates that the greater aggressive tendencies among right-wing individuals are manifested both attitudinally and behaviourally. 相似文献
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