中国佛教协会第六届全国代表会议大会发言选刊

各位代表、各位同志: 中国佛教协会是全国各民族、各教派佛教徒共同的爱国组织,是团结、进步的组织。中国佛教协会高举爱国爱教的旗帜,维护信徒的合法权益,贯彻党和国家的宗教信仰自由政策,开展同各国佛教界人士的友好交往,做了大量的工作。在过去的四十年里,佛教界人士同信仰其他宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民同呼吸共命运,为祖国的繁荣富强作出了应有的贡献。     

重建权利和义务的平衡

以往我们过多地强调权利而忽视义务的教育使一些人错误地认为人们只有权利而不必尽义务。第二次世界大战后第二代人的一个代言人曾经提出一种新的、来自责任方面的自由,这种自由是指,人     

计算心理学与解释理论

我与我的朋友Z.皮利辛在饭后曾进行过一场辩论。它涉及皮利辛(Pylyshn)所提出的下述论断:“如果没有一个关于心理表征的内容同一性的精确规定的概念,那么认知心理学就是不可能的。”后来我想到,拒绝这一论断的理由直接与D.戴维森对于意义理论和心智哲学的众所周知的影响有联系,因而在皮利辛的允许和宽恕(但愿如此)下,我便决定在本文中主要阐述我反对他的论点的理由。     

为内在实在论辩护

1982年12月,美国哲学学会在东部分会年会上就我的著作《理性,真理和历史》(《Reason,Truth,and History》)举行了一次专题讨论会。H.菲尔德和G.哈曼所写的评论文章已在1982年10月号的《哲学杂志》上发表,而其中只有我所作答复的一个简短摘要。下面是我的整个答复,以前从未全文发表过。     

生产与交往——或马克思与哈贝马斯

在今天这个已变得如此狭小的世界上,我们所面临的全球性问题,尤其是核灾难对人类的威胁,要求在各民族之间建立起一种理性的共存格局。从现实主义角度来看,用理性来协调人们的行为举止,不是由于其自身,而是由于明显的物质方面的生存危机,今天具有前所未见的发展机遇。最迟自十八世纪启蒙运动开始,科学已经被看作是最佳的理性     

系统属性的产生问题

《哲学问题》1992年第2期上刊登了C.и.雅科夫连柯一篇内容丰富的文章《论自然界中的组织作用和破坏(随机的)作用,该期还登载了B.и.阿尔申诺夫和я.и.斯维尔斯基的文章《从涵义的读出到涵义的产生》。按照编辑部的意图,后一篇文章大概是前一篇文章的评论。但我以为,这篇文章并没有起到多大的评论作用,因为这篇论涵义的有趣     

Role of eye and hand initial position in the directional coding of reaching

To investigate the nature of the frames of reference used to control an arm movement aimed at a visual target, we studied the accuracy of movements differing by the initial arm and eye positions. The results support the assumption that in darkness target location is internally represented in an egocentric frame of reference. Furthermore, when movements carried out with and without eye saccade are compared, it appears that foveating the target changes the reference used to generate the reaching arm movements, that is, the oculocentric reference is replaced by a head-trunk reference. An explanation for this phenomenon could be that a steady body-related landmark is needed to insure stable registering of the target location in the surrounding space, despite displacement of the body segments with respect to one another.     

Effects of differences between stimuli, responses, and reinforcer rates on conditional discrimination performance

In a discrete-trial conditional discrimination procedure, 4 pigeons obtained food reinforcers by pecking a key with a short latency on trials signaled by one stimulus and by pecking the same key with a long latency on trials signaled by a second stimulus. The physical difference between the two stimuli and the temporal separation between the latency values required for reinforcement were varied factorially over four sets of conditions, and the ratio of reinforcer rates for short and long latencies was varied within each set of conditions. Stimulus discrimination varied directly with both stimulus and response differences and was unaffected by the reinforcer ratio. Sensitivity to reinforcement, estimated by generalized-matching-law fits to the data within each set of conditions, varied directly with the response difference but inversely with the stimulus difference arranged between sets of conditions. Because variations in stimulus differences, response differences, and reinforcer differences did not have equivalent effects, these findings question the functional equivalence of the three terms of the discriminated operant: antecedent stimuli, behavior, and consequences.     

The interaction of criterion and feedback information in learning a drawing task

Experiments were designed to examine the influence of criterion and feedback information in the learning of a two-dimensional drawing task. Experiment 1 showed that when the task criterion is well known to the subject, the combined presentation of criterion information and information feedback facilitates the rate of acquisition of the skill but not its overall performance level of achievement. Experiment 2 showed that when the task criterion information is not well known to the subject, presentation of criterion information facilitates both the rate of acquisition and the overall performance level and, furthermore, is essential if configuration information feedback is to be utilized effectively. Experiment 3 showed that it is the combined presentation of criterion and configuration information feedback rather than the isolate presentation of either type of information alone, that facilitates learning and performance. Collectively, the findings from the three experiments suggest an interactive effect of prior knowledge by the learner and type of augmented information in facilitating the acquisition of skill, according to the constraints imposed in the task. The data are consistent with the proposal that the degrees of freedom in the information available to support motor skill learning must match the degrees of freedom to be constraint in the perceptual-motor workspace.     

Language-specific listening

Languages differ in their phonological structure and physcholinguists have begun to explore the conseqence, of this fact for speech perception. We review research documenting that listeners attune their perceptual processes finaly to exploit the phonological regularities of their nativ language. As a consequence, these perceptual process are fill-adapted to listening to languages that do not display such, regularities. Thus, not only do late language-learners have trouble speaking a second language, also they do not hear it as native speakers do; worse, they apply their native language listening prosedures which may actually interfere with successful processing of the non-native input. We also present data from studies on infants showing that the initial attuning occurs early in life; very yong infants are sensitive to the relevant phonological regularities which distinguish different languages, and quickly distinguish the native language of their environment from languages with different regularities.