天才大脑机制的神经学研究

天才是指那些在创造力和技巧方面有特殊才能或倾向,以及具有非凡成就的极少数个体。人们认为天才的最普遍特征是智商(IQ)高,创造力强,并有强烈的动机感(承担任务)。本文对目前有关智能及创造力的脑研究知识作一个综述,包括脑电波(EEG)的生理测量,脑功率谱分析,大脑诱发电位和阳离子发射层面x射线照相术,并考虑了现存的矛盾、争议、正式假说和研究中的争端问题。我们特别对脑电波动力学的确定性功能加以阐述,提出了一个天才认知组织和大脑加工过程层次的混沌模型。     

宗教在道德教育中的作用

长期以来,大多数宗教总是很自然地把道德与宗教信仰和实践联系在一起。例如,在古希腊,道德教育基本上是通过传奇式的宗教文学来进行的,象关于上帝的传说以及希腊英雄的故事等。正是由于这个原因,柏拉图十分审慎地对待道德教育中所采用的诗歌和典故。柏拉图批评当时的大多数诗歌,认为他们不适合于用来教育青少年,因为这些诗歌错误地把上帝描绘成具有迷惑力的、骗人的、好战的和假的东西。相反,柏拉图认为真正的上帝是完美无缺的,是不可更换的,也不可能欺骗人。     

重在实践

至大的真主在《古兰经》中说:“你们是诵经的人,你们怎么可以命人行善,而忘却自身呢?难道你们真不明白吗?”(2∶44)从这段详明的经文,我们应当知道:有些人,他们常以诚信者自诩。他们常以信仰和善功命令别人,而他们自身却放任自流,     

公正:变化中的美德观念

有两种互不相容的公正观念:一是通过说明怎样根据各人所挣之物赋予其权利和赋予哪些权利来解释公正概念;一是通过说明根据各人的基本需要及其满足方法而确立的平等权利来解释公正概念。 分析道德哲学家R·诺齐克和J·罗尔斯对上述基于合法所得权利和基本需要这两种主张在理论上作出表述: 罗尔斯认为,在规定任何社会制度下对利益的公正分配时都将依据下述两条原则和一条规     

The relationship between attitude,assertiveness and condom use

The Australian study investigated condom-specific assertiveness and condom use as a means of prevention infection from sexually transmitted diseases. 211 men participated including 83 homosexual men (aged 19-62 years) and 128 heterosexual men (aged 17-49) who completed a questionnaire that comprised demographic details such as age, monogamy, and sexual activity as well as attitudinal and assertiveness measures. General assertiveness was measured by the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS) which had been widely used across a wide range of social situations. Assertiveness relating specifically to situations involving condoms was measured by the Condom Assertiveness Scale (CAS). Intention to use condoms was positively related to favorable attitudes, which were related to condom-specific assertiveness for both groups. For the heterosexual men only, general social assertiveness was negatively related to attitudes toward condoms. For both groups, the condom-specific measure of assertiveness was positively correlated with attitudes toward condoms. Condom-specific assertiveness was positively related to general social assertiveness as measured by the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule for the homosexual, but not for the heterosexual men. The negative relationship between general assertiveness and attitude to condoms among the heterosexual men implies that the risk reducing behavior of condom use did not seem to accord with the perceptions of masculinity and social assertiveness among heterosexual men. Thus, female partners of such heterosexual men exhibiting negative attitudes toward condom use combined with assertiveness would have to overcome resistance to insist on the use of condoms. Recently some advertising campaigns have been directed at women. The promotion of condom use among heterosexual men has to deal with the perceptions of condom use as unmasculine behavior.     

工作负载的测量和评定

长期处于应激状态而又适应不良者可导致疾病。人类经常遇到的心理、社会性应激源除了生活事件以外,长期工作负载过重也是其中之一。本文通过对24名在监护病房工作的护士的工作负载的测量介绍了在西方国家常用的工作负载的测量和评定方法。     

甘岑的自然演绎演算

迄今为止,我们所主要讨论的逻辑演算,即用公理方法处理的狭谓词演算,标志着把数学方法运用于逻辑获得了显著的成功。这种演算的形式上的简易是令人称道的,从纯粹数学的观点看,它可以同公理化的射影几何及抽象群论这一类数学观念的完满体现的学科相媲美。此外,作为应用于研究演绎系     

费希特研究报告

我的报告主要依据下列文献:(1) H.J.费威耶恩:《费希特研究的新视野》,载《唯心论研究》六,1976年,第118—159页;(2)W.劳特曼“作为人类学和现象理论     

判断和选择中的认知错觉

人类的错误为研究人类智能的结构和功能提供了有价值的资料。对于记忆的研究多是建立在遗忘的基础上,对知觉的研究常常基于识别力衰退,对于语言和思维的研究已经揭示了失言。关于人类错误的研究格外重要,因为它表明了人类智力的某些局限,它时常暴露出隐藏在人们行为之下的规律和机制,它常常提示出可以改善人们表现的方式。错觉是一种特殊的错误,它特别令人困惑,因为人们造成的这种错误始终具有迷惑力,甚至当人们已彻底认识到这是一种错误时亦然。例如,我们会感到在图1中右边的线     

共产主义实验在苏联

1.斯大林个人扭曲了的共产主义意识形态“斯大林主义”,是苏联官方理论家从不使用的一个术语。而且,它一般也并没有被人们广泛地当作马克思-列宁主义来运用。有时候,斯大林主义被误解为是马列主义的一种扩大或发展。实际上,斯大林主义倒可以看作是从马列主义中派生出来并且背离了马列主义的,它(直到1953年斯大林去世时