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181.
The theoretical basis of systematic desensitization is reciprocal inhibition in which an alternative, competitive response to anxiety is conditioned to arousal-producing, phobic stimuli. Abbreviated training in progressive relaxation is believed to serve as a competitive response to anxiety by decreasing autonomic nervous system activity. However, physiologic studies of progressive relaxation have not substantiated that its practice is associated with such decreased autonomic activity. Consequently, the use of progressive relaxation has been a confounding factor in the determination of the function of reciprocal inhibition in systematic desensitization. To confirm and refine the theoretical constructs of reciprocal inhibition, it is necessary to test the effects of a response which is competitive to the anxiety response. Such a response may be the relaxation response which is characterized by physiologic changes consistent with decreased autonomic nervous system activity. Derived from meditational practices, techniques which ehcit the relaxation response incorporate the element of focused attention which has been implicated as a critical factor in systematic desensitization. Thus, the use of the relaxation response should be a more appropriate method than progressive relaxation if the therapeutic usefulness of systematic desensitization is indeed due to reciprocal inhibition. 相似文献
182.
The presence of historical change in the self-concept and self-esteem of male and female late adolescents was studied using a time-lag design. Five cohorts of students enrolled in the same university and course, consecutively from 1973 to 1977 (total N=1,141), gave self-ratings to 16 evaluative items relating to traits traditionally associated with sex differences. Mean score across items was the self-esteem index, and the vector of ratings for item content was the self-concept index. Historical continuity in self-esteem was found. Males and females did not differ in mean self-esteem, within or between cohorts, and cohort differences accounted for less than 2% of the variance. Cross-cohort similarity in within-cohort sex differences in self-concept was found also. These differences were minimal, accounting for small proportions of the variance and involving no more than 5 items in any cohort. Late adolescents from recent historical eras thus rated themselves in ways inconsistent with societal stereotypes, and showed minimal differences in their self-appraisals. Results are discussed in relation to (1) theoretical positions with which they are inconsistent and (2) an emerging interactionist view, which they appear to support.A shortened version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Houston, January 1978. The authors thank Stuart A. Karabenick, John R. Knapp, James B. Orlos, and Joyce L. Stuart for collaborating on portions of the project from which the present report is derived. 相似文献
183.
Gerald F. Smith P. George Benson Shawn P. Curley 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》1991,48(2)
This paper presents a cognitive analysis of subjective probability judgments and proposes that these are assessments of belief-processing activities. The analysis is motivated by an investigation of the concepts of belief, knowledge, and uncertainty. Judgment and reasoning are differentiated, Toulmin's (1958) theory of argument being used to explicate the latter. The paper discusses a belief-processing model in which reasoning is used to translate data into conclusions, while judgmental processes qualify those conclusions with degrees of belief. The model sheds light on traditional interpretations of probability and suggests that different characteristics of belief—likelihood and support—are addressed by different representational systems. In concluding, the paper identifies new lines of research implied by its analysis. 相似文献
184.
Various recently developed brain imaging techniques used to assist in the diagnosis of dementia are reviewed. The methods reviewed are x-ray computed tomography scan imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and the older techniques of pneumoencephalography and radioisotope cisternography. It was concluded that while these techniques often offer excellent diagnostic information, none of them provides a definitive characteristic image for Alzheimer's disease. 相似文献
185.
Facial images can be enhanced by application of an algorithm--the caricature algorithm--that systematically manipulates their distinctiveness (Benson & Perrett, 1991c; Brennan, 1985). In this study, we first produced a composite facial image from natural images of the six facial expressions of fear, sadness, surprise, happiness, disgust, and anger shown on a number of different individual faces (Ekman & Friesen, 1975). We then caricatured the composite images with respect to a neutral (resting) expression. Experiment 1 showed that rated strength of the target expression was directly related to the degree of enhancement for all the expressions. Experiment 2, which used a free rating procedure, found that, although caricature enhanced the strength of the target expression (more extreme ratings), it did not necessarily enhance its purity, inasmuch as the attributes of nontarget expressions were also enhanced. Naming of prototypes, of original exemplar images, and of caricatures was explored in Experiment 3 and followed the pattern suggested by the free rating conditions of Experiment 2, with no overall naming advantage to caricatures under these conditions. Overall, the experiments suggested that computational methods of compositing and caricature can be usefully applied to facial images of expression. Their utility in enhancing the distinctiveness of the expression depends on the purity of expression in the source image. 相似文献
186.
Benson Schaeffer Assistant Professor of Psychology
Alice Harris
Research AssociateMarvin Greenbaum
Associate Professor of Psychology 《Journal of School Psychology》1969,7(4):70-74Socially oriented underachievers are students who work for the rewards of social interaction rather than for those of academic achievement. A case report is presented which outlines the treatment of a socially oriented underachiever. The successful treatment employed behavior modification techniques and consisted, essentially, of rewarding the entire class for academic improvement shown by the underachiever. 相似文献
187.
188.
Steele RG Richards MM Benson ER Corbin SR Cushing CC 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(3):286-291
Using multiple indicators (self-report, parent report, school grades, and disciplinary referrals), we compared the psychosocial functioning of children across Weinberger's (1990) and Weinberger, Schwartz, and Davidson's (1979) repressive adaptive style (RAS) groups. Participants included 134 children ages 10 to 13 years that were recruited from public schools and 117 of their caregivers. Relative to nonrepressors, we hypothesized repressors to evidence lower levels of self-reported distress but higher parent-reported distress on the Behavior Assessment System for Children (BASC; Reynolds & Kamphaus, 1992). Summary scores from the BASC self-report differed significantly between repressors and nonrepressors in the expected directions. No significant group differences in parent-reported distress or school functioning emerged. Consistent with Phipps (2005), results question the predominant assumption that the RAS is associated with risk of psychosocial difficulties in children. 相似文献
189.
Iida M Seidman G Shrout PE Fujita K Bolger N 《Journal of personality and social psychology》2008,94(3):460-478
Whereas supportive interactions are usually studied from the perspective of recipients alone, the authors used a dyadic design to incorporate the perspectives of both provider and recipient. In 2 daily diary studies, the authors modeled provider reports of support provision in intimate dyads over several weeks. The 1st involved couples experiencing daily stressors (n = 79); the 2nd involved couples experiencing a major professional stressor (n = 196). The authors hypothesized that factors relating to (a) recipients (their requests for support, moods, and stressful events), (b) providers (their moods and stressful events), (c) the relationship (relationship emotions and history of support exchanges), and (d) the stressor (daily vs. major stressors) would each predict daily support provision. Across both studies, characteristics of providers, recipients, and their relationship emerged as key predictors. Implications for theoretical models of dyadic support processes are discussed. 相似文献
190.
Tammy A. Lazicki Eric M. Vernberg Michael C. Roberts Eric R. Benson 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(2):264-276
We provide information about consumer and provider perceptions using a mixed-model pilot study within the Intensive Mental
Health Project (IMHP), a school-based treatment service for children with SED and their families. Caregiver, youth, and provider
questionnaires developed for this project elicited quantitative and qualitative information on treatment satisfaction, therapeutic
alliance, and active involvement in treatment. Caregivers and children overall had positive perceptions of the services they
received through IMHP. Providers reported very good working relationships with most children and families. Consumers also
provided constructive comments about how to improve services. Our results add support to the importance of therapeutic alliance
and collaboration, which are guiding principles of the IMHP. 相似文献