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511.
512.
Heidemarie E. Schroeder Uwe Schroeder Guy Santibáñez-H. 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1986,21(1):16-24
This study analyzes so-called hopeless gaggers,i.e., patients in whom dental treatment and wearing of a prosthesis produced a retching or vomiting reaction, in order to investigate the sources and properties of this pathologic reaction. In 35 patients, an anamnestic inquiry, a determination of the reflexogenic zone, a recording of the peripheral pattern of the pathologic reflex, and extinction training were performed. A group of six normal persons served as a comparison group. It was shown that patients, in comparison with normals, had an enlarged receptive field, were sensitive to a broader population of stimuli, and showed precursors and aftereffects of the retching-vomiting not found in normals. This pathologic reaction was the symptom of different Psychopathologie processes, such as specific fear, repugnance-fear-based disturbances, diffuse anxiety, goal-directed behavior, depressive states and, at least in one case, visceral pathology. The various patients differed with respect to properties of the reaction as well as in the sensitivity to the extinction procedure. It is discussed that different integrative nervous processes play a role in the origin and development of the syndrome: activation of unconditional reflexes, activation of classic and instrumental conditional reflexes, activation of such reflexes by an increase of the reactivity level of specific and unspecific structures of the brain, generalization of stimuli,etc. 相似文献
513.
This paper is devoted to the study of the relationship between the subjective component (feelings) and the behavioral aspect of emotions. The following emotions were studied: fear-anxiety, anger-aggression, joy-laughter, love-eroticism, love-tenderness, and sadness-tears. The observations were performed with three different groups of people: patients with anxiety neurosis, students under hypnosis, and drama students. Each emotion was characterized by a specific set of reactions in the respiratory pattern, heart activity, muscular activity, and facial expression. The feelings were correlated with the behavioral patterns and each time the behavioral patterns were interfered with a concomitant modification of the subjectivity component was observed. The direct performance of the behavioral emotional patterns in the absence of the emotogenic stimulus produced the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion. If the subjects were stimulated with an emotogenic stimulus during the direct performance of the behavioral patterns of another emotion, they confessed to have the feeling corresponding to the mimicked emotion, and not to the emotion belonging to the emotogenic stimulus. The role played by the feedback from the effector organs in the determination of the subjective emotional states is discussed. 相似文献
514.
Guy Santibáñez-H. Heidemarie Schroeder 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1988,23(1):15-21
This study is to compare heart reactivity between normals and anxiety neurotic patients. Five male and five female patients
with anxiety neurosis and four male and five female normal persons were submitted to classic delayed conditional reflexes
with different probabilities of reinforcement (shock), to a defensive instrumental conditional reflex, and to a neutral nonreinforced
stimulus. The basal heart frequency was higher in neurotics and in women than in normals and men. The conditional stimulus
(CS) associated with a shock generally produced a bradycardia in normal individuals and in neurotic men, but a tachycardia
in neurotic women (effects most pronounced in cases with 100% shock probability). The instrumental CS caused a tachycardia
in all of the groups, with highest values in neurotic women. The neutral stimulus produced bradycardia in all persons. The
aftereffect of the light stimulus depended on whether a shock was administered and on the CS. The differences between neurotics
and normals are explained as caused by the heightened excitatory level of the CNS of the neurotic group, produced by the unspecific
activating effect of chronic anxiety, and differences of plastic processes in both groups, resulting in different effects
of phasic anxiety on the heart. Complex inhibitory-excitatory interactions of the sympathetic and the vagal system underlying
the heart rate changes may be assumed. Possible mechanisms leading to sex differences are discussed. 相似文献
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517.
In self-paced learning conditions the study-time of sentences is supposed to depend jointly upon the information content of the material and upon its exploration by the subject in the course of learning. In exp. 1 informative content was varied by using sentences constituted either of general or of specific words; study-time was found to be significantly longer for the latter sentences than for the former and the recall performance to be equal. Differential semantic exploration and storage were instigated by presenting in the series either pairs of similar, and thereby contrasted sentences, or isolated sentences. In exp. 2, study-time of the sentences was longer than that of the latter; but the first recall performance recorded with the constrasted sentences was also higher. The divergent effects of the nature of the material and of the activity of the subject upon study-time and recall performance were emphasized. 相似文献
518.
In a simple RT task the temporal organization of the preparatory processes during a given trial depends upon the time characteristics of the total experimental situation as well as upon the information gathered during one or more previous trials. The present experiment was run in order to determine whether or not these long and short term effects operate independently or interact. The effects of the preceding ISI durations on the simple RT for an ISI 1 (1.5 s) or an ISI 2 (3.0 s) are analysed in 3 experimental conditions differing in the maximum number of successive repetitions (2, 3 or 7) of trials with the same ISI. The results show that the distribution of the preparatory activity during a given trial depends firstly on the number of successive ISIs of the same duration preceding this trial, and secondly on the maximum number of repetitions. An explanation of the subjects' strategy based upon “cost of preparation” is proposed. 相似文献
519.
Increasing recognition accuracy with repeated presentations was demonstrated for complex pictorial stimuli (real-world photographs) by accuracy, signal detection, and confidence of decision indicators. Consistent with other research, the effect occurred only for short stimulus durations. The effect occurred for both old and new pictures, the rate of improvement being greater for old than for new pictures. Experiment II utilized focus-degraded stimuli to demonstrate that amount of information artifacts were not responsible for the observed differences between responses to old and new pictures. 相似文献
520.
A technique is described for the measurement, in the field, of stability and steadiness. Apparatus and method are provided along with suggested scoring procedures. 相似文献