After a review of recent work connected with Grice's maxims of conversation, special attention is paid to the principles related to the concept of informativeness. The operation of those principles constrains logic by limiting the meaning of logical particles and, more importantly, by contradicting axioms and many theorems of the propositional calculus. It is argued that, as the development of the individual's formal operations proceeds, a conflict with laws of language use arises. The notion of a conflict between two subsystems, logical and linguistic, is used in a developmental perspective to account, in a unified manner, for the observed discrepancy between subjects' behavior in deductive and inductive reasoning tasks and predictions based on formal logic. 相似文献
Communication about the location of a hidden incentive was studied in chimpanzee-human dyads, in which each member of a pair served alternately as “sender” and “recipient” of information. When the human cooperated with the chimpanzee in finding the goal, from the very beginning the chimpanzees were able to produce and comprehend behavioral cues which conveyed accurate locational information. When the human and chimpanzee competed for the goal, the chimpanzees learned both to withhold information or mislead the recipient, and to discount or controvert the sender's own misleading cues. The chimpanzee's ability to convey and utilize both accurate and misleading information, by taking into account the nature of the sender or recipient, provides evidence of a capacity for intentional communication in this nonhuman primate species. 相似文献
If two images are shown in rapid sequential order, they are perceived as a single, fused image. Despite this, recent studies have revealed that fundamental perceptual processes are influenced by extremely brief temporal offsets in stimulus presentation. Some researchers have suggested that this is due to the action of a cortical temporal-binding mechanism, which would serve to keep multiple mental representations of one object distinct from those of other objects. There is now gathering evidence that these studies should be reassessed. This article describes evidence for sensitivity to fixational eye and head movements, which provides a purely spatial explanation for the earlier results. Taken in conjunction with other studies, the work serves to undermine the current body of behavioral evidence for a temporal-binding mechanism. 相似文献
The processing and storage of visual information concerning the orientation of objects in space is carried out in anisotropic reference frames in which all orientations are not treated equally. The perceptual anisotropies, and the implicit reference frames that they define, are evidenced by the observation of 'oblique effects' in which performance on a given perceptual task is better for horizontally and vertically oriented stimuli. The question remains how the preferred horizontal and vertical reference frames are defined. In these experiments cosmonaut subjects reproduced the remembered orientation of a visual stimulus in 1g (on the ground) and in 0g, both attached to a chair and while free-floating within the International Space Station. Results show that while the remembered orientation of a visual stimulus may be stored in a multimodal reference frame that includes gravity, an egocentric reference is sufficient to elicit the oblique effect when all gravitational and haptic cues are absent. 相似文献
In the current study, 138 college females were randomly assigned to four media exposure conditions based on the presence or absence of an attractive person (fashion model) and the presence or absence of an appearance-related product. Outcome measures consisted of visual analogue ratings of multiple body image and mood variables. The results revealed a significant main effect for person, indicating that the presence of a model increased levels of body dissatisfaction and negative mood. No product effect emerged and there was no significant interaction between person and product. These findings suggest that the appearance priming effect of media exposure on body dissatisfaction and mood is specific to a person stimulus, with no additional effect promoted by a generic appearance-relevant stimulus. 相似文献
Using cross-sectional data from N = 4274 young adults across 16 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, we examined the cross-cultural measurement invariance of the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) scale and tested the hypothesis that the association between PVD and fear of COVID-19 is stronger under high disease threat [that is, absence of COVID-19 vaccination, living in a country with lower Human Development Index (HDI) or higher COVID-19 mortality]. Results supported a bi-factor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling model where items loaded on a global PVD factor, and on the sub-factors of Perceived Infectability and Germ Aversion. However, cross-national invariance could only be obtained on the configural level with a reduced version of the PVD scale (PVD-r), suggesting that the concept of PVD may vary across nations. Moreover, higher PVD-r was consistently associated with greater fear of COVID-19 across all levels of disease threat, but this association was especially pronounced among individuals with a COVID-19 vaccine, and in contexts where COVID-19 mortality was high. The present research brought clarity into the dimensionality of the PVD measure, discussed its suitability and limitations for cross-cultural research, and highlighted the pandemic-related conditions under which higher PVD is most likely to go along with psychologically maladaptive outcomes, such as fear of COVID-19. 相似文献
The relationship between attitudes and beliefs regarding performance appraisal and its organizational context and three measures of rating quality (i.e., rating level, discrimination among ratees, discrimination among rating dimensions) were examined. Eighteen of twenty-four directional predictions about the correlations between attitudinal measures and rating behavior measures were supported. However, because of the expected weak to moderate relationships between predictors and criteria and the use of small samples, statistical power was generally low, and many of the individual observed correlations failed to reach significance. Nevertheless, the consistent pattern of support for the directional predictions suggests that the attitudes and beliefs studied here provide a useful basis for understanding performance appraisal behaviors. 相似文献
Two studies were conducted to assess the relationship between an individual's self-described motivation for being a help-provider
(i.e., a lawyer in Study 1 and a physi-cian in Study 2) and college undergraduates' perceptions of, and desire to seek assis-tance
from, that help-provider. The major findings were incongruent with the notion inferred from the helping literature that altruistically
motivated help-providers would be consistently evaluated more favorably than, and preferred over, egoistically moti-vated
help-providers. Specifically, whereas the other-oriented help-providers were rated as more likable, honest, and less devious
than the self-oriented help-providers, the self-oriented help-providers were rated as more ambitious, competent, and as earning
more money than the other-oriented help-providers. Moreover, although the participants' “desire to hire” a particular help-provider
was found to be associated with: (1) their perceptions of the help-provider's characteristics (Studies 1 and 2), (2) their
own self-reported characteristics (Study 1), and (3) their anticipated affective state prior to seeking assistance (Studies
1 and 2), no clear relation was found in either study between the help-provider's motivation and the participants' desire
to seek assistance from that help-provider. In contrast to the ambivalence demonstrated in response to the altruistically
and egoistically motivated professional help-providers in Studies 1 and 2, participants in a preliminary study of perceptions
of “everyday” helpers demonstrated a clear preference for altruistically motivated assistance (al-though these participants'
evaluations were found to be influenced by the closeness of the relationship between the helper and recipient, the type of
help provided, the participants' gender, and the gender of the helper-recipient dyad). Considered to-gether, the pattern of
results suggests the broad range of situational and individual difference variables that may affect perceptions of, and reactions
to, self-oriented and other-oriented help-providers. 相似文献
New Religious Movements in the United States and Canada. A Critical Assessment and Annotated Bibliography Compiled by Diane Choquette Greenwood Press, London, 1985 £39.95 pp.235
Knowledge, Belief and Witchcraft: Analytic Experiments in African Philosophy. B. Hallen and J.O. Spdipo. Ethnographica, London, 1986. Pp 1–38
Sectes Nouvelles. Un regard neuf.. Jean‐Francois Mayer. Paris: Les Editions du Cerf, 1985. ISBN 2–204–02458–9. 130 pp.
Restoring die Kingdom: The Radical Christianity of the House Church Movement. Andrew Walker Hodder and Stoughton, London, Sydney, Aukland, Toronto, 1985 298 pages (P/B) £5.95
Bhagwan: The God that failed . Hugh Milne. London: Caliban Books. ISBN 1 85066 0069. £12, 316pp.
Is There a New Imbalance in the Jewish‐Christian Relation?. Antonio Barboso da Silva Uppsala University, Uppsala 1985. 220 pages
Sociological Theory, Religion and Collective Action. Roy Wallis and Steve Bruce The Queen's University Press, Belfast, 1986 i‐xi, 395 pp. Hdbk.
The Way of the Heart: The Rajneesh Movement. Judith Thompson & Paul Heelas Aquarian Press, Wellingborough, pp. 142, £5.99 相似文献