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91.
William D Rohwer Daniel W Kee Kathleen C Guy 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1975,19(1):137-152
Interpretations of previous research have indicated that there are age-related increases in the efficacy of pictorial media, relative to verbal, for presenting paired-associate items and elaborative prompts to young children. The purposes of the present study were to replicate these phenomenon and to evaluate two hypotheses advanced to account for them: a semantic encoding hypothesis and a verbal decoding hypothesis. To these ends, 14 treatments conditions were partioned into three independent-groups experimental designs. Each of 504 childrens, sampled from nursery, kindergarten, and second-grade populations, learned a list of 20 pairs of familiar objects. The expected developmental increase in the effectiveness of presenting items in a pictorial medium was not replicated. As predicted, however, the results revealed an increase with age in the effect of presenting elaborative prompts pictorially, but the phenomenon was confined to groups where the sex of subject and of experimenter was the same. It was concluded that the verbal decoding hypothesis accomodated the pattern of results better than did the semantic encoding hypothesis. Throughout the sudy, performance was substantially facilitated by elaborative prompts, that is, across age, presentation media, and testing conditions. 相似文献
92.
To assess the effectiveness of vocational guidance procedures proposed for inclusion in a computer-based vocational exploration system, 128 11th-grade male subjects were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and a control group. One group was given a computer-generated accuracy of self-knowledge feedback, another group was taught on occupational classification scheme, a third group experienced both. Measures of self-knowledge showed increased accuracy about intelligence, but not about interests, after treatments that included the feedback. Increases were largely due to changes in subjects who originally underestimated their intelligence. A delayed posttest indicated that the increases did not persist. 相似文献
93.
This paper is concerned with the processes used by children in solving open sentence problems of the form x + u = y (Type 1) and u + x = y (Type 2). Three models for reaction times to these problems are proposed. The first assumes they are solved by an incrementing process, the second assumes a decrementing process, while the third assumes that the subject increments or decrements, depending on which is quickest. Two experiments designed to evaluate these models are reported. It is shown, by means of a series of regression analyses that the third model gives the best account of the success latencies to Type 1 problems. This model predicts that times will be a linear function of the minimum of x and y ? x. It is also shown that none of the models give an adequate account of the latency data for Type 2 problems. Some possible reasons for this difference are discussed, together with some evidence that indicates that Type 1 problems and ordinary subtraction problems are solved by the same process. 相似文献
94.
Following Clark Hull, it is widely considered that the asymptote of the learning curve represents motivational factors, but that rate of approach to asymptote ('i') represents associational factors. The suggestion that i may be a measure of intelligence was tested empirically in two studies. An initial exploratory study yielded a positive correlation between i and IQ. A more rigorous replication did not. The results are discussed briefly. 相似文献
95.
Television violence has been measured in numerous studies. However the amounts reported vary considerably depending on the
definitions provided of violence and the sampling periods adopted. Studies that have followed the methodology of Gerbner are
more easily compared and point to rates of around 5-6 violents acts per hour on prime time television in most countries. The
rate of violence on British television is considerably lower than this and evidence points to a recent decline. However, traditional
content analyses are limited and provide little understanding of television as a narrative art. 相似文献
96.
A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling,sound, and reading 总被引:30,自引:0,他引:30
Guy C. van Orden 《Memory & cognition》1987,15(3):181-198
Skilled readers generally are assumed to make little or no use of words’ phonological features in visual word identification. Contrary to this assumption, college students’ performance in the present reading experiments showed large effects of stimulus word phonology. In Experiments 1 and 2, these subjects produced larger false positive error rates in a semantic categorization task when they responded to stimulus foils that were homophonic to category exemplars (e.g., ROWS for the category A FLOWER) than when they responded to spelling control foils. Additionally, in Experiment 2, this homophony effect was found under brief-exposure pattern-masking conditions, a result consistent with the possibility that phonology is an early source of constraint in word identification. Subjects did, however, correctly reject most homophone foils in Experiments 1 and 2. Experiment 3 investigated the source of this ability. The results of Experiment 3 suggest that subjects detected homophone impostors, such as ROWS, by verifying target foil spellings against their knowledge of the correct spellings of category exemplars, such as ROSE. 相似文献
97.
98.
Kundalni and the Physical World. Mary Scott. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1983 Paperback 274 pp £5.95
Seasons of the Spirit. Readings Through the Christian Year, selected and edited by George Every, Richard Harries and Kallisto's Ware, London, S.P.C.K., 1984 £7.50
Are Religious Cults Dangerous?. Carol Coulter Mercier Press Dublin and Cork 1984 ISBN 0–85342–722–4 (H/B) £4.50
The Making of a Moonie. Choice or Brainwashing?. Eileen Barker. Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1984 ISBN 0–631–13246–5 (H/B) £12 相似文献
99.
In two recent issues of Acta, the widely accepted view of Proffitt (2006), that ‘haptic’ measures of perceived geographical slant are generally accurate, and dissociated from explicit overestimates, came under intense scrutiny (Durgin, Hajnal, Li, Tonge, and Stigliani, 2010; 2011). Durgin and colleagues' challenge to this account centred on the claim that Proffitt's haptic’ measure of geographical slant, the palm-board, may be accidently accurate due to restricted movements available at the wrist. Two experiments reported here compare the accuracy of Proffitt's palm-board with an alternative measure of geographical slant perception, the Palm-Controlled Inclinometer (PCI), which allows participants to use wrist, elbow and shoulder movements to match slant with their hand. Participants (N = 320) made slant judgements using both measures, across five hills and five staircases with 32 participants for each stimulus angle (4.5°–31°). Results for the palm-board replicated those of Proffitt and co-workers, overestimation at shallow angles (≤ 14°), contrasted with underestimation at steeper angles (≥ 23°), whereas estimates made using the PCI had a greater degree of accuracy for steeper slopes. A follow-up experiment tested the accuracy of the palm-board and PCI for surfaces in near space to repeat the design of Durgin et al. (2010, experiment 1). Participants (N = 20) used the palm-board and PCI to judge the angle of slanted blocks (25°, 30°). As with traversable slopes, PCI judgements did not differ from the actual angle of the blocks whereas the palm-board measure underestimated. ‘Haptic’ measures of geographical slant perception can be accurate for relatively steep slopes, in both near and far space. 相似文献
100.