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201.
“Set” is known to improve the accuracy of report of the stimulus attributes for which Ss are set to respond. The set may produce this effect by acting on either preperceptual or postperceptual processes, or both. To elucidate the manner by which set produces its effect, this paper explores the consequences of two assumptions concerning set (1) On any given trial, a S is either “set” or “not set”: (2) if “set” by the stimulus information. S’s perception of the stimulus actually improves, whereas, if “not set” by the stimulus reformation, the S’s report correctness is improved by an independent interaction of stimulus and set information on a response process. Evidence is provided for both these assumptions. In addition. It is argued that only set given before stimulation can affect a perceptual process. 相似文献
202.
Reduction of intraspecies aggression in rats by positive reinforcement of incompatible behaviors 下载免费PDF全文
Fighting responses were elicited by response-independent shocks delivered to pairs of rats. Food pellets were presented following different non-fighting responses to shock: some pairs of rats received pellets dependent upon a specific non-fighting response to shock; others received pellets dependent upon any non-fighting response to shock; and control pairs never received pellets. The mean probability of an elicited aggressive response to shock was reduced to 0.2 by food reinforcement for a specific non-fighting response, and to 0.5 by food reinforcement for any kind of non-fighting response. These values contrasted with the 0.8 probability of elicited aggression when pairs of rats received no food reinforcement. Consistent findings were obtained when treatment conditions were changed for individual pairs of rats. 相似文献
203.
Carl R. Ingling 《Behavior research methods》1970,2(2):45-48
A method for calibrating neutral-density filters is described. 相似文献
204.
A card-sorting task involved discrimination of patterns from the same equivalence set, patterns from different sets of the same size, and patterns from different sets of different sizes. Instructions, experimental conditions, and the number of different patterns to be sorted into two trays were varied in an attempt to change Ss’ strategies from whole-pattern processing to single-element processing. Instructions alone were ineffectual in preventing whole-pattern processing, and physical masks over most of the criterion stimuli (patterns used as guides in sorting) were only somewhat effective. Differences among tasks that were attributable to size of equivalence set were eliminated only by arranging the stimuli so that a whole-pattern strategy required a great deal more information processing, or so that such a strategy could not lead to the required discrimination. The results were interpreted as confirming the influence of the properties of sets of stimuli, as well as the strength of the tendency of human Ss to process and categorize patterns in their entirety. nt]mis|This research was supported in part by a University Research Council grant. 相似文献
205.
We obtain a generalized increment threshold law that describes the relationship between the just detectable average signal increment and the noise when the threshold is stabilized, for the usual yes-no (nonorthogonal) signal format. The results are applicable to audition and vision, for arbitrary (discrete or continuous) signal and noise statistics, and arbitrary detection probabilities. The results are most useful when the noise and signal-plusnoise probability densities have the same form. Previous treatments of this problem have been restricted to Gaussian and Poisson signal and noise densities. 相似文献
206.
Carl Pfaffmann 《Psychological research》1980,42(1-2):165-174
Summary According to Wundt's schema of sensory affect, increases of stimulus intensity above threshold are felt as increasingly pleasant up to a peak value beyond which pleasantness falls off through indifference to increasing unpleasantness. In psychophysical studies salty and sour taste solutions follow such a biphasic curve. Bitterness is mostly increasingly unpleasant, sweetness is mostly increasingly pleasant to a maximum with little fall off with stimulus intensity. Individual differences among adult subjects reveal some — e.g., sugar dislikers — bitter likers who depart from, or attenuate, these general trends. Studies of one- to three-day-old human neonates show rejection and negative affect for sour and bitter, but only acceptance and pleasant affect for sugar.Taste preferences of animals, albeit with expections in some species, show mostly increasing aversion for acid and quinine, biphasic preference curves for salt and sugar. When post-ingestive effects are eliminated, animals show only increasing preference for sugar as concentration increases again, a departure from the Wundtian schema. Stimulus intensity, however, is only one factor influencing hedonic value which may be drastically changed by satiety, physiological need, and learning.Preparation supported in part by NSF Grant BNS78-16533 相似文献
207.
Carl F. Schaefer Michael F. Wilson Daniel J. Brackett Paul Tompkins 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1980,15(1):21-29
The development of high blood pressure in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is inhibited by operant conditioning motivated by chronic water deprivation. The present study showed that the inhibition of hypertension was not due to the operant conditioning,per se, but was a result of chronic water deprivation (23.5 hr schedule) imposed on the rats from five through 12 weeks of age. Blood pressures were measured directly using a carotid artery cannula and light enflurane anesthesia. The behaviorally conditioned SHR and the water-deprived SHR controls had equal blood pressures and were significantly less hypertensive than untreated or enriched environment SHR groups. The antihypertensive action of water deprivation was not detected by weekly indirect blood pressure measurements made in the awake state. Nonetheless, the chronicity of the deprivation-induced inhibition of hypertension was confirmed by a lesser degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in the deprived SHR relative to the nondeprived SHR. Our behavioral results again demonstrated hyperreactivity in the SHR relative to the Wistar Kyoto (WKY). This behavioral hyperreactivity in the SHR may explain the exaggerated increase in drinking in the deprived SHR groups when returned toad lib conditions. The data of this study and our previous work suggest that arousal differences between SHR and WKY strains are more reliably differentiated by fixed interval schedules of reinforcement than by a fixed ratio schedule. Hyperarousal may precede hypertension in the SHR, but it is undetermined whether hypertension can be found in the absence of hyperarousal in these rats. 相似文献
208.
Behavioral predictions from Saltz's, Spence's, and Spielberger's interpretations of trait anxiety were tested in a complex verbal learning task. Fifty-three high-anxious and 52 low-anxious male college students were randomly distributed to test conditions of failure-stress, pain-stress, or neutral instructions. The learning data revealed that high-anxious-failure and low-anxious-pain Ss were disrupted and supported Saltz's hypothesis; self-reported anxiety (A-State scale, STAI) was observed only in high-anxious-failure Ss and supported Spielberger's theory of the arousal of state anxiety as a function of trait anxiety. However, the contradiction between self-reported anxiety and learning behavior in low-anxious-pain Ss indicated that the verbal report of these Ss was an inaccurate or insensitive index of arousal. 相似文献
209.
The sweetness or bitterness of taste solutions of saccharin and quinine may be blocked, while the sweetness or bitterness evoked by electrical stimulation of the tongue by cathodal polarization is unchanged. Electrical taste stimulation apparently bypasses the most peripheral process by which taste solutions elicit sweet and bitter and thus acts directly on the receptor and/or its afferent nerve terminals. 相似文献
210.
Carl E. Sherrick 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1968,4(3):159-160
When Os are permitted to manipulate the interstimulus onset interval (ISOI) to obtain optimal apparent movement between two ipsilateral vibrotactile stimuli, a consistent quantitative relation between ISOI and stimulus duration appears. The present report describes conditions for movement between contralaterally-placed stimuli, and shows that whereas movement is qualitatively incomplete, the aforementioned relation is still evident. The results are discussed in the light of recent work in both visual apparent movement and complex patterns of stimulation on the skin. 相似文献