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101.
102.
S. Alexandra Burt Matt McGue William G. Iacono 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(3):327-337
It has recently been argued that shared environmental influences are moderate, identifiable, and persistent sources of individual
differences in most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology, including antisocial behavior. Unfortunately, prior studies
examining the stability of shared environmental influences over time were limited by possible passive gene-environment correlations,
shared informants effects, and/or common experiences of trauma. The current study sought to address each of these limitations.
We examined adolescent self-reported antisocial behavior in a 3.5 year longitudinal sample of 610 biological and adoptive
sibling pairs from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS). Results revealed that 74–81% of shared environmental
influences present at time 1 were also present at time 2, whereas most non-shared environmental influences (88–89%) were specific
to a particular assessment period. Such results provide an important constructive replication of prior research, strongly
suggesting that shared environmental contributions to antisocial behavior are systematic in nature. 相似文献
103.
Humbad MN Donnellan MB Iacono WG McGue M Burt SA 《Personality and individual differences》2010,49(7):827-830
We investigated whether spousal similarity for personality traits results from convergence (i.e., couples becoming more similar to one another over time) or selection (i.e., individuals selecting partners with similar traits) in a sample of 1,296 married couples. Personality was assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. We evaluated whether similarity increased with increasing length of marriage. Evidence of spousal convergence was inconsistent across analyses, arguing against this mechanism as a compelling explanation for spousal similarity. Accordingly, selection processes may better explain spousal similarity in these data. The one exception might be for aggressive aspects of personality. 相似文献
104.
Tenorio G Connor SA Guévremont D Abraham WC Williams J O'Dell TJ Nguyen PV 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2010,17(12):627-638
The capacity for long-term changes in synaptic efficacy can be altered by prior synaptic activity, a process known as "metaplasticity." Activation of receptors for modulatory neurotransmitters can trigger downstream signaling cascades that persist beyond initial receptor activation and may thus have metaplastic effects. Because activation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) strongly enhances the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampal CA1 region, we examined whether activation of these receptors also had metaplastic effects on LTP induction. Our results show that activation of β-ARs induces a protein synthesis-dependent form of metaplasticity that primes the future induction of late-phase LTP by a subthreshold stimulus. β-AR activation also induced a long-lasting increase in phosphorylation of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) GluA1 subunits at a protein kinase A (PKA) site (S845) and transiently activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Consistent with this, inhibitors of PKA and ERK blocked the metaplastic effects of β-AR activation. β-AR activation also induced a prolonged, translation-dependent increase in cell surface levels of GluA1 subunit-containing AMPA receptors. Our results indicate that β-ARs can modulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity by priming synapses for the future induction of late-phase LTP through up-regulation of translational processes, one consequence of which is the trafficking of AMPARs to the cell surface. 相似文献
105.
Gustavo Hessmann Dalaqua 《British Journal for the History of Philosophy》2018,26(1):110-130
The relationship between representative democracy and conflict in John Stuart Mill’s political philosophy has been interpreted in very different ways. While some scholars claim that Millian democracy is incompatible with political conflict, others identify in Mill a radical political agonism that would offer a non-consensual model of deliberative democracy. This paper argues that neither of these views is exactly accurate: although he highlights the centrality of conflict in political life, Mill believes that democratic deliberation presupposes a minimal level of consensus regarding the formal value of democracy’s basic principles, viz. the principles of individual freedom and equality. Initially, I shall reconstruct the relationship between conflict and consensus in Mill’s conception of representative democracy. I shall then investigate his association of representation and advocacy and show that Mill’s encomium on political conflict was influenced by Guizot’s work. Finally, I shall explain how a democratic debate riven with conflict is conducive to individual freedom. 相似文献
106.
Research has documented high levels of covariation among childhood externalizing disorders, but the etiology of this covariation is unclear. To unravel the sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD), the authors studied 11-year-old twins (N = 1,506) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Symptom counts for each of these disorders were obtained from interviews administered to the twins and their mothers. A model was fit that allowed the parsing of genetic, shared environmental (factors that make family members similar to each other), and nonshared environmental (factors that make family members different from each other) contributions to covariation. The results revealed that although each disorder was influenced by genetic and environmental factors, a single shared environmental factor made the largest contribution to the covariation among ADHD, ODD, and CD. 相似文献
107.
There are two common approaches to sub-typing the well-documented heterogeneity within antisocial behavior: age-of-onset (i.e.,
childhood-onset versus adolescence-onset; see Moffitt 1993) and behavioral (i.e., physical aggression versus non-aggressive rule-breaking). These approaches appear to be associated,
such that aggression is more characteristic of childhood-onset antisocial behavior whereas rule-breaking is linked to both
child- and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior. However, it remains unclear which approach, if either, better explains the
heterogeneity within antisocial behavior. We examined this question in a prospective sample of male twins, assessed at the
ages of 11, 14, 17, and 24 years. Although the age-of-onset subtypes predicted adult antisocial behavior in the expected direction
when analyzed alone, this association dissipated once we controlled for aggression and rule-breaking. Such findings suggest
that the behavioral sub-types of antisocial behavior may be a stronger predictor of later antisocial outcomes than is its
age-of-onset. 相似文献
108.
To investigate the long-term effect of blindness on the task of leaping down to a lower landing surface, five blind individuals were compared with 10 sighted individuals who performed landing movements with and without sight. Participants performed six consecutive drop-landings from four different heights, during which the prelanding modulation of EMG timing and amplitude in four lower-limb muscles were recorded. Analysis showed that blind individuals showed specific prelanding EMG modulation, suggesting that long-term dependence on somesthetic and vestibular cues leads to different preparatory measures for vertical falls. 相似文献
109.
Carmona Torres JA Cangas AJ García GR Langer AI Zárate R 《Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking》2012,15(1):43-49
The current study analyzes the psychometric properties of an innovative three-dimensional (3D) simulation program, entitled Mii-School (MS), designed for the early detection of drug use and bullying in Secondary School children. This computer program showed adequate reliability and construct validity. The factorial structure, as well as the explanatory weight of the different factors, is presented. In addition, the results of a parallel version in paper and pencil format are also presented and compared with those of the computerized version (i.e., MS). There was a statistically significant difference between the two formats in the total (i.e., combined) sore of risk. When drug use and bullying were separately analyzed, differences were found only with regard to drug use. The relevance of these results as well as the suitability of this type of 3D instrument for the early detection of risky behaviors in young people are discussed. 相似文献
110.