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21.
Arthur I. Schulman 《Memory & cognition》1974,2(1):14-18
Recognition memory for words can decline, sometimes precipitously, over the course of the recognition test. Decrements of as much as 75% in d’ have been observed from the first quarter of testing to the last. and decrements of 40%–50% are not uncommon. Proactive mechanisms, imperfectly understood, appear to underlie such declines: Processing early input renders late input less recognizable, and making early recognition judgments renders later judgments more difficult. At the same time, the processing of late-input words fails to inhibit the recognition of the words that preceded them. 相似文献
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23.
Paul D. Krivonos Donn Byrne Gustav W. Friedrich 《Journal of applied social psychology》1976,6(4):307-313
It was hypothesized in a two-person situation that students would perform significantly better on intellectual tasks when paired with a liked other than when paired with a disliked other. In a laboratory experiment, 108 male undergraduates performed one of three types of intellectual tasks with an attitudinally similar or dissimilar partner or with a partner about whom the subject had no attitude information. Individuals paired with a similar partner felt affectively more positive than those paired with a dissimilar partner (p < .01). Individuals paired with a similar other performed significantly better on the tasks than those paired with a dissimilar partner (p < .01). 相似文献
24.
This study evaluated a device that applied a sustained increase in accelerator pedal back force whenever drivers exceeded a preset speed criterion without buckling their seat belts. This force was removed once the belt was fastened. Participants were 6 commercial drivers who operated carpet-cleaning vans. During baseline, no contingency was in place for unbuckled trips. The pedal resistance was introduced via a multiple baseline design across groups. On the first day of treatment, the device was explained and demonstrated for all drivers of the vehicle. The treatment was associated with an immediate sustained increase in seat belt compliance to 100%. Occasionally, drivers initially did not buckle during a trip and encountered the force. In all instances, they buckled within less than 25 s. These results suggest that the increased force was sufficient to set up an establishing operation to reinforce seat belt buckling negatively. Drivers indicated that they were impressed with the device and would not drive very long unbelted with the pedal force in place. 相似文献
25.
The presentation of a stimulus below the threshold of conscious awareness can exert an influence on the processing of a subsequent target. One such consequence of briefly presented “primes” is seen in the negative compatibility effect. The response time (RT) to determine the left—right orientation of an arrow (i.e., the target) is relatively slow if a prime is also an arrow whose direction corresponds to that of the target. When the direction of the arrow is opposite that of the prime, RTs are relatively fast. In four experiments, we examined whether the prime shifts attention from the location of the subsequent target and whether this attention shift influences target processing. Results showed that the prime does indeed move attention. The consequence of this attention movement is that the representation of direction is affected. Specifically, RTs to process an arrow are shorter if the arrow’s direction is compatible with the last shift of attention. Furthermore, this interference occurs at a conceptual level concerning the representation of left and right rather than at the motor planning level. We argue that a shift in attention brought about by the prime can create a negative compatibility-like effect. 相似文献
26.
We examined whether the onset of a new object defined by illusory contours is detected with greater frequency than offset
when neither is associated with a unique sensory transient. Observers performed a “one-shot” change detection task in which
offsetting or onsetting elements of high luminance contrast circles generated the appearance or disappearance of a Kanizsa
figure. Presenting “illusory figures” via this “flicker” method ensures that (1) any unique luminance transients associated
with the two types of change are eliminated, and (2) the objects themselves can only be represented at a relatively high level.
Results showed that offsets were detected more frequently than onsets only when they generated the onset of a Kanizsa figure.
We argue that object appearance dominates object disappearance via mechanisms that operate at the level at which objects are
constructed. 相似文献
27.
This study aims at discovering the essential constituents involved in the experiences of guilt and shame. Guilt concerns a
subject’s action or omission of action and has a clear temporal unfolding entailing a moment in which the subject lives in
a care-free way. Afterwards, this moment undergoes a reconstruction, in the moment of guilt, which constitutes the moment
of negligence. The reconstruction is a comprehensive transformation of one’s attitude with respect to one’s ego; one’s action;
the object of guilt and the temporal-existential experience. The main constituents concerning shame are its anchorage in the
situation to which it refers; its public side involving the experience of being perceptually objectified; the exclusion of
social community; the bodily experience; the revelation of an undesired self; and the genesis of shame in terms of a history
of frozen now-ness. The article ends with a comparison between guilt and shame. 相似文献
28.
29.
R G Schulman B N Kinder P S Powers M Prange A Gleghorn 《Journal of personality assessment》1986,50(4):630-639
The Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale (BCDS) was developed to measure irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions associated with bulimia. The final 25-item scale was found to have excellent internal consistency with high item to total correlations and a coefficient alpha of .97. Factor analysis revealed two clear factors measuring cognitive distortions related to automatic eating behaviors and to physical appearance. Data attesting to the convergent and divergent validity of the BCDS are also presented. With 110 subjects (55 bulimics, 55 controls), a discriminant analysis revealed the BCDS to be the only significant variable in predicting group membership, correctly classifying 93.6% of all subjects. The BCDS was also predictive of severity of bulimia as measured by the frequency of binge eating episodes. The potential of the BCDS as both a diagnostic and research instrument is discussed. 相似文献
30.
Gustav Jahoda 《European journal of social psychology》1986,16(1):39-42
Afrer noting some areas of common ground, in particular my acceptance of the fact that causal analysis is not sufficient to capture motivation and meaning, the main disagreement is pinpointed: in my view causal explanations are relevant to human actions. In response to Gergen's contention that cross-cultural replications have no bearing on theories, which essentially turn on language games, I submit that his account of cross-cultural work is in several respects misleading. It is suggested that ignoring the striking regularities of social behaviour runs the risk of a return to empty scholasticism. 相似文献