中国领导心理与行为实证研究二十年进展

国内领导心理和行为的实证研究在过去20年间取得了很大进展,研究领域主要包括特质研究、行为和风格研究、权变研究与新领导理论研究四个方面。该文提出,重视在不同类型和发展阶段的组织情境中分析领导的机制,把焦点由领导者个体转移到互动的领导过程,强化中国文化下的本土化研究,加强实验室方法、追踪研究和质性研究,是今后领导心理与行为研究的重要趋势。     

Hippocampal low-frequency stimulation and chronic mild stress similarly disrupt fear extinction memory in rats

Disruptions of fear extinction-related potentiation of synaptic efficacy in the connection between the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) have been shown to impair the recall of extinction memory. This study was undertaken to examine if chronic mild stress (CMS), which is known to alter induction of HPC–mPFC long-term potentiation, would also interfere with both extinction-related HPC–mPFC potentiation and extinction memory. Following fear conditioning (5 tone-shock pairings), rats were submitted to fear extinction (20 tone-alone presentations), which produced an increase in the amplitude of HPC–mPFC field potentials. HPC low-frequency stimulation (LFS), applied immediately after training, suppressed these changes and induced fear return during the retention test (5 tone-alone presentations). CMS, delivered before fear conditioning, did not interfere with fear extinction but blocked the development of extinction-related potentiation in the HPC–mPFC pathway and impaired the recall of extinction. These findings suggest that HPC LFS may provoke metaplastic changes in HPC outputs that may mimic alterations associated with a history of chronic stress.     

Who fears being laughed at? The location of gelotophobia in the Eysenckian PEN-model of personality

The first empirical studies on the fear of being laughed at (gelotophobia; Ruch & Proyer, 2008a,b) indicated that it is a valid and useful new individual differences variable. The aim of the present paper is to examine where in the Eysenckian PEN-model gelotophobia can be located. Based on the available literature, gelotophobes are expected to be introverted, neurotic high P individuals. About N = 230 participants, completed the revised form of the EPQ R, all items from precursors of the P scale, and a gelotophobia questionnaire. Gelotophobes could be described as introverted, scoring higher in the older (more clinically oriented) versions of the P scale. Social desirability did not contribute substantially to gelotophobia. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the Eysenckian superfactors explained 37% of the fear of being laughed at when older P scales were included. Gelotophobia can be well located in and predicted by established personality variables. However, not all of the variance is accounted for by personality.     

纳斯尔与刘述先:"回儒对话"语境中的"传统"与"现代"之争

本文目的在于对伊斯兰哲学家纳斯尔与新儒家代表人物刘述先在当代“回儒对话”语境中的一场争论进行回顾和总结。本文首先对争论双方的身份以及争论之缘起和大致经过进行了简要介绍,描述了纳斯尔与刘述先的“传统”与“现代”之争的具体内容,并对这场争论背后所潜含的思想实质进行了讨论。     

积极心理健康的内涵解析

学术界一般把积极心理学视野下的心理健康称为积极心理健康,它是当代心理健康相关学科发展的一个潮流.积极心理健康认为消除或摆脱了各种心理问题的人并不一定就意味着心理健康,心理健康还意味着正向力量或积极品质的产生与增加,因此,心理健康相关学科在研究人的各种心理问题的同时,也应该花相同精力或时间去研究人的积极力量和积极品质.在研究思路上,积极心理健康也表现出了一个非常明显的新特点,强调心理健康研究要从以关注个体总的心理状态为主的研究思路转向于以关注个体内差异为主的研究思路.     

论道德挫折

道德挫折是利他行为者遭到受助者消极或恶意回应而产生的心理挫折形式,其不仅是一种个人挫折,更是一种社会挫折,即造成了社会资本的损失.对于道德挫折,应从其心理发生机制来加以深入探析,即主要从挫折情境、挫折认知与挫折反应来加以说明.另外,道德挫折对于学校道德教育而言既是必须面对的挑战,也是可以积极利用的遭遇.     

科学对“后世”声称的检验（二）

后世存在有证据吗？我们能否与亡者进行沟通？他们的存在是否具有一定的形式呢？是“脱离肉体的灵魂”或是“无实体的精神”？这是个古老的问题。它事关信仰永生和强烈的对不朽的渴望。科学能否调查和揭示那些基于有神论信仰者利益的声明吗？回答是肯定的。科学在尽其所能来回应这些声称时要面对不仅仅是宗教学家们所倡导的灵魂不朽和天堂许诺等内容对人们的深刻影响,还要迎接来自媒体和公众的艰巨的挑战,媒体不断追求轰动效应．庞大的公众群体迷恋于此类现象。     

传教士与中国近代女子教育

传教士来华后,女子教育就成了他们关注的焦点。中国近代女子教育的变迁与传教士密切相关。传教士对男女平等教育思想的宣传,改变了中国传统的"女子无才便是德"观念;传教士创办的教会女校,促进了中国近代女子教育的产生;传教士传入的女子教育模式,为中国女子教育做了示范;传教士还为近代中国女子教育培养了大量的教职人员。     

佛教对当代心理学发展的影响

佛教是一种重要的东方哲学文化,它的一些精神已经渗透进了当代的许多学科领域。在心理学领域,心理学在思想层面、理论层面和实践层面都能看到佛教的核心精神——Dukkha箴言(人的苦难)、Tanha箴言(人的欲望)、Nirvana箴言(苦难中的涅槃)和Magga箴言(摆脱苦难的路径)的影子。因此,探求佛教文化在当代心理学中的生存状况,寻找心理学视野下的真实佛教就成为当代心理学研究的一个基础性问题。     

Agreeableness, empathy, and helping: a person x situation perspective

This research program explored links among prosocial motives, empathy, and helping behavior. Preliminary work found significant relations among components of self-reported empathy and personality (N = 223). In Study 1, the authors examined the generality of prosocial behavior across situations and group memberships of victims (N = 622). In Study 2, empathic focus and the victim's outgroup status were experimentally manipulated (N = 87). Study 3 (N = 245) replicated and extended Study 2 by collecting measures of prosocial emotions before helping. In Study 4 (N = 244), empathic focus and cost of helping as predictors of helping behavior were experimentally manipulated. Overall, prosocial motivation is linked to (a) Agreeableness as a dimension of personality, (b) proximal prosocial cognition and motives, and (c) helping behavior across a range of situations and victims. In persons low in prosocial motivation, when costs of helping are high, efforts to induce empathy situationally can undermine prosocial behavior.