Discrimination of human and dog faces and inversion responses in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris)

Although domestic dogs can respond to many facial cues displayed by other dogs and humans, it remains unclear whether they can differentiate individual dogs or humans based on facial cues alone and, if so, whether they would demonstrate the face inversion effect, a behavioural hallmark commonly used in primates to differentiate face processing from object processing. In this study, we first established the applicability of the visual paired comparison (VPC or preferential looking) procedure for dogs using a simple object discrimination task with 2D pictures. The animals demonstrated a clear looking preference for novel objects when simultaneously presented with prior-exposed familiar objects. We then adopted this VPC procedure to assess their face discrimination and inversion responses. Dogs showed a deviation from random behaviour, indicating discrimination capability when inspecting upright dog faces, human faces and object images; but the pattern of viewing preference was dependent upon image category. They directed longer viewing time at novel (vs. familiar) human faces and objects, but not at dog faces, instead, a longer viewing time at familiar (vs. novel) dog faces was observed. No significant looking preference was detected for inverted images regardless of image category. Our results indicate that domestic dogs can use facial cues alone to differentiate individual dogs and humans and that they exhibit a non-specific inversion response. In addition, the discrimination response by dogs of human and dog faces appears to differ with the type of face involved.     

面孔方位对返回抑制的影响

采用辨别任务探讨了正立与倒立的中性面孔线索对返回抑制的影响。实验一采用同时线索化范式考察了正立与倒立面孔线索对靶刺激反应的影响,结果发现,两种面孔线索对随后靶刺激的反应没有影响。实验二采用单线索范式考察正立与倒立面孔对返回抑制的影响,结果发现,两种线索条件下均产生了返回抑制,而且返回抑制量没有显著差异。实验三,正立与倒立面孔作为靶刺激呈现,得到与实验二相同的结果。这些结果表明当采用中性面孔为线索时,返回抑制的产生并不受线索与靶刺激显著性的影响,而且返回抑制这种盲目机制不受任务难度的影响。     

A logic LU for understanding

Understanding a proposition for an intelligent agent is an important epistemic concept. We first discuss intuitively general logic characteristics of understanding, and give a language and a semantics containing understanding as a modal operator. Secondly, we develop the system LU for the operator, give some results of its proof theory, and then we prove the frame soundness and frame completeness of LU.     

The boundaries of context and their significance

In the study of contextualism, the most noticeable and at the same time ambiguous problem is how to ascertain the boundaries of context. This article tries to explore the boundaries of context and the significance of the “contextualizing movement” which began in the 1980s. The establishment of boundaries can be analyzed from three aspects: the syntactic boundary, the semantic boundary, and the pragmatic boundary. This differentiation offers meaningful perspectives for grasping the method of contextual analysis, strengthening its position and influence in scientific explanation.     

高等师范学校新生心理健康状况调查

目的了解高等师范学校新生心理健康状况。方法采用SCL-90症状自评量表对3231名大学新生进行调查,通过t检验或方差分析,比较不同特征群体心理健康水平差异。结果高师新生SCL-90总分阳性检出率为23.5%;高师新生在各因子得分上均低于大学生常模,却高于成人常模;SCL-90因子得分在性别、独生子女与非独生子女、城乡、家庭收入、家庭结构、家庭氛围等方面存在差异。结论高师新生心理健康状况整体良好,但对"心理问题"学生应提高警惕,对偏远乡村、家庭气氛不和谐、单亲家庭及家庭贫困新生要特别关注。     

帝国汪洋中的"孤岛"--从清代四川看天主教在汉地的农耕社区

本文通过文献资料的发掘和实地考察,整理出清代四川天主教社区分布情况,归纳出教徒社区形成的三种模式:宗族繁衍型社区、乡邻同化型社区、教点扩张型社区.探讨整合社区的伦理、宗教、经济和政治的原则和方法.从历史上的民教纠纷中,提炼出教徒区与社会在宗教上的对抗.通过几个典型案例,看教徒区在清朝时期的稳定性与脆弱性.特殊背景下壮大起来的天主教社区,在改变了小群体的信仰的时候,也在制造社会的动荡、造成内部的撕裂.     

文化进化的meme理论及其难题

一 meme概念的内涵与文化进化理论 meme一词源自英国著名科学家理查德·道金斯(Richard Dawkins)1976年出版的<自私的基因>(The Selfish Gene),其含义是指在诸如语言、观念、信仰、行为方式等的传递过程中与基因在生物进化过程中所起的作用相类似的那个东西.为了读上去与gene(基因)一词相似,道金斯去掉希腊字mimeme(原意是模仿的意思)的词头mi,把它变为meme,这样的改变很容易使人"联想到跟英文的记忆(memory)一词有关,或是联想到法文的 同样'或'自己'(meme)一词."[1]     

愈追思，愈景仰——德国康德哲学研究的近况

近年来,康德研究在德国所取得的成就首先表现在对于康德文献的整理、注疏与解读上.其次,随着人们对于康德兴趣的不断高涨,出现了多部根据新材料和新视角重新撰写的康德传记.除理论哲学外,实践哲学已经成为当今德国康德研究中非常重要的内容.对于美学与目的论、宗教哲学及人类学的研究也方兴未艾.     

印象管理对组织公民行为的预测作用的实证研究

以188名企业员工及其主管和同事为被试,运用问卷调查法和分层回归分析的统计方法考察了印象管理独立于组织公平感对组织公民行为的预测作用。结果发现：在控制了公平感之后,印象管理能够显著增加大多数主管评价OCB可解释的变异,但与任何同事评价OCB之间不存在显著相关。结论：印象管理对除OCB—S以外的主管评价OCB具有显著的独立预测作用。     

初级运动区的fMRI实验研究

本实验采用功能磁共振为实验仪器,被试进行运动准备和运动执行两种作业活动,实验设计为延时序列运动任务。在对实验数据进行预处理,反卷积、标准化处理后,采用欧式距离公式进行聚类统计,统计结果显示,M1区不仅具有运动执行和运动准备的功能,还发现其他功能区域的激活,不是单纯的运动执行功能,这一区域与三种活动有关。