汉字认知过程中大脑两半球机能不对称性的实验研究

以往我们的实验表明,大脑两半球在认知单个汉字时,没有表现出任何认知优势,但这并没有使我们得出最后的结论。 该项实验中,我们选出八个汉字并把它们放在四种噪音背景上,它们的信噪比分别为∞,6.66,4,和2.85。被试为20名大学生,男10名,女10名,年龄在19至20岁。刺激呈现时间为60ms。 实验结果如下: (1)无噪音干扰情况下,左、右视野在认知上无差别。信噪比为6.6时,差异不明显。 (2) 只是信噪比为4时,认知难度达到相当水平以后,右视野的优势才变得明显起来。 (3)无论在哪种难度水平上,左视野的反应时都比右视野快,但反应的准确度,右视野却占有优势。     

Images of numbers, or "When 98 is upper left and 6 sky blue".

Some people declare that they possess a personal visual representation of numbers: some automatically "see" the numbers they are confronted with in a precise location in a structured mental space, others "associate" specific colours with given numbers. Such visuo-spatial representations of numbers were first described by Galton in 1880 but have since received little attention from psychologists. It is the aim of this article to describe these mental representations and discuss their role in number processing. The authors first review Galton's observations, and then present their own. Finally, they discuss the relevance of these visuo-spatial representations in relation to contemporary debates on number representation and calculation.     

城市老年人生活满意度及其影响因素的研究

生活满意指数是衡量老年人心理健康状况的一项重要指标,而许多因素都可能会对老年人的生活满意指数产生影响。我们采用生活满意指数A(LSIA)量表对355名城市老年人进行了有关研究,结果表明:城市老年人的LSIA平均得分为13.07±3.43(M±SD);老年人中对经济状况满意、对个人健康状况自我评价好、抑郁症状轻、原无职业及有较多亲密朋友者,其生活满意指数就高,反之则低。     

The Social Phobia and Social Interaction Anxiety Scales: Evaluation of Psychometric Properties

The present investigations examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of two new self-report measures of social phobia, the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and the Social Phobia Scale (SPS). A confirmatory factor analysis in Study I provided support for the fit of a two-factor model of the SIAS and SPS. Internal consistency estimates were high for the original two scales with a sample of 200 undergraduates. Also, using an item parceling procedure, the obtained internal consistency reliability indices for each parcel were acceptable. Results of the CFA in Study II provided support for the factorial stability of the model identified in Study I. Furthermore, multisample analyses showed invariant patterns for factor loadings and factor correlations across 138 men and 272 women. Gender differences were not observed in the mean SIAS and SPS scale and item scores. Both scales correlated negatively and significantly with measures of social desirability. Concurrent validity was established for the scales. The SPS was less specific than the SIAS to symptoms of social phobia.     

检验能力对统计显著性检验的影响

利用计算机构造被试总体、模拟实验研究程序进行抽样研究,探讨抽样样本总体达到t检验显著性的数目与统计检验能力之间的一致性。模拟实验结果表明,统计检验能力与样本总体t检验显著性的数目具有很高的一致性,但两者同时受到显著性水平α、样本客量n和总体效果大小δ的影响,从而有可能影响统计推断的可靠性。因此,在进行显著性检验过程中,应对统计检验能力进行估计,这将有利于心理学研究成果的积累。     

Paradoxical preference for more frequently occurring negative stimuli and for less frequently occurring positive stimuli as a function of amount of training in simultaneous discrimination learning

Development of a preference for more frequently occurring negative stimuli was found in a within-subject design. In this experiment, pigeons learned two simultaneous problems with an unequal number of training trials. At various stages in training, for example, the more-trained negative stimulus was paired with the less-trained negative stimulus for a single preference trial. These probe trials pointed to a swing in stimulus function in negative stimuli which also occurred at an earlier stage in positive (reward-correlated) stimuli. The paradoxical preference for less-trained positive over more-trained positive stimuli was found in this study, confirming the earlier reported phenomenon. The paradoxical preference for more-trained negative stimuli was discussed in terms of a frustration analysis. A symmetrical, albeit positive, emotional factor was discussed with regard to the paradoxical findings with positive probe trials.