几何图形类比推理的ERP研究

该研究以几何图形作为实验材料,测定14名硕士研究生在完成两种类比推理任务（大小变化和颜色变化）和其基线任务时的事件相关电位（ERP）,探讨类比推理过程的脑内时程动态变化。研究发现,两种推理任务所诱发的波形基本一致,而推理任务与其基线任务之间的ERP波形存在显著差异,两种基线任务之间的ERP波形也存在显著差异;类比推理的加工过程是有阶段性的,即编码潍断、映射、得出结论,研究结果进一步支持了Sternberg的成分理论;推断和映射这两个类比推理所特有的加工阶段都有其对应的脑机制,图式推断阶段主要激活的是前额皮层和双侧的顶叶皮层,类比映射和调整阶段主要激活的是左半球的颞叶、额叶和中央顶。     

Reconnaissance en traduction et homographie interlangue

Several studies on bilingual word recognition have shown effects of word similarity between languages. Cognate words (translation equivalents with identical or near-identical forms like LIBRE in French and Spanish) are generally recognized and translated faster than non-cognates (translation equivalents with different forms). In this study, a translation recognition task (de Groot, 1992) was used in which participants (French-Spanish bilinguals) had to decide whether two words presented on a computer screen were translations or not. In Experiment 1, translation equivalents were identical cognates (same form: CIVIL-CIVIL [civil in Spanish]) and non-cognates (different forms: DANSE-BAILE [dance in Spanish]). All non-translation equivalents had different forms (TABLE [table in French]-AMIGO [friend in Spanish]). We observed a facilitation effect for cognate pairs which were processed faster than non-cognate pairs. In Experiment 2, we used the same material for translation equivalents (cognates and non-cognates) and two types of non-translation equivalents: interlingual homographs (same form but different meanings: CREER [create in French]-CREER [believe in Spanish]) and non-homographic non-translation pairs (different forms between languages) as used in Experiment 1. When the non-translation pairs shared the same form (interlingual homographs), they were rejected more slowly than other non-translation pairs. Moreover, contrary to Experiment 1, due to the presence of interlingual homographs in the experimental lists, the facilitation effect for cognate pairs was not replicated. The results suggest that all homographs (cognates and interlingual homographs) have a special status in bilingual memory (due to their lexical and/or semantic overlap) but their processing also depends on task demands and experimental list composition. Our results are in line with the distributed conceptual feature model of bilingual memory ( [de Groot, 1992] and [van Hell et de Groot, 1998] ). This model can explain facilitation and inhibition effects due to different overlaps between words (in both lexical and semantic levels). However, our results lead us to distinguish identification processes and decisional processes in this task as described in the BIA+ model (Dijkstra and van Heuven, 2002).     

意义的非事实论与规范性——规则遵循问题的语义分析

规则遵循悖论(the rule-following paradox)及其相关问题源于维特根斯坦的《哲学研究》,它是后期维特根斯坦论述语言的运用及其意义方面的一个重要议题。克里普克在《维特根斯坦论规则和私人语言》中对该问题进行了系统阐释并提出了怀疑论解决方案。在这一解决方案中,他暂且接受意义归因中语义事实的缺失和怀疑论论证的结论,同时拒绝扩展这种论证而导致彻底的意义怀疑论。     

老子《道德经》中的理想人格思想

理想人格是解读《道德经》的一个重要维度。老子关注人的生命的本真存在和理想状态的实现,他从其抽象玄妙的形而上道论出发,引申出以"朴"为本质的人性论,并通过其朴素的辨证思维建立其彻底的道德观,进而提出尚柔、守中、持保三宝等修养途径,建立了一个使人实现其个别性与普遍性相统一、完成人格并达至理想的存在状态的体系。守中成德——修德复命——复命归朴——道无名,朴,这即是老子理想人格思想的基本进路。     

19世纪英国民间慈善活动探析

19世纪,英国民间慈善事业得到飞速发展,渗透到社会生活的各个方面,其规模和范围均达到相当大的规模。19世纪中期,慈善组织收到的善款甚至超过了国家在济贫方面总的费用,从而发挥着政府和企业所发挥不了的积极作用。在英国逐渐形成的以私人慈善、工人的自助互助和政府救济为主要形式的多元救助体系,对于稳定社会秩序的意义是不言而喻的;同时,这种体系作为英国社会控制的重要手段,在英国福利国家形成前的巨大作用更是不可忽视的。     

蒙古统治西域时宗教政策特点探析

蒙古人统治西域后,对各种宗教采取兼容包并的政策,在整体上影响了各种宗教在西域的传播和发展格局。本文对蒙古统治西域时期宗教政策特点进行剖析,除兼容包并的宗教政策特点外,各种宗教在西域的传播发展,在一定程度上还受到蒙古统治者个人或家族的影响。究其宗教政策而言,宗教神权始终置于世俗政权之下,宗教政策具有法律化和延续性。随着历史推移,西域的蒙古人的宗教信仰由最初的萨满教占主导地位逐渐被伊斯兰教逐渐取代。     

赵宜真、刘渊然与明清净明道

本文通过对有关材料进行考察和分析,认为明代高道赵宜真与刘渊然虽然兼传全真、正一、清微、净明道法,但其信仰归宿却多属净明道。与以往的认识不同,本文发现赵宜真所传净明学说并非来自清微派宗师曾贵宽,而是来自李玄一与冯外史;同时,刘渊然及其弟子邵以正也曾依赖高超的道法和渊博的学识,通过济民利物、结交权贵而为净明道的发展做过很多贡献。由于赵宜真、刘渊然等人过于偏重融摄诸家道法而较为缺少自身的显著特征,以致其法裔逐渐融入其他道派,终令这一系统在清代以后渐趋湮没无闻。     

高低行为激活系统个体在赌博任务下的决策模式

为考察不同行为激活系统/行为抑制系统下的个体在Iowa赌博任务反应模式下的决策行为,本研究采用人格问卷与行为实验相结合的方式,探讨了人格、冲动和行为决策间的关系。结果发现:(1)行为激活系统三个维度与行为决策存在显著负相关,行为激活系统低分组的IGT得分较高,行为激活系统高分组的IGT得分较低,而冲动特征与IGT得分相关不显著;(2)行为激活系统高、低分者在IGT任务上差异显著,且行为激活系统高分组者在收益-风险并存情境中表现出"即时收益优先"的决策模式。结果提示,在收益-风险并存情境中,高行为激活的人格特征者倾向风险决策模式。