Useful predictors of counseling effectiveness

A summary is given of research on characteristics of effective counselors in terms of indicators that show promise as predictors of counselor effectiveness as well as indicators that appear to possess little or no such promise. Recommendations are made for the use of these findings in research and practice.     

SELF-ESTEEM AND JOB PERFORMANCE: THE MODERATING ROLE OF SELF-ESTEEM CONTINGENCIES

Although theoretical perspectives suggest self-esteem level (i.e., high/low) should have main and moderating effects on job performance, empirical and narrative reviews of the literature suggest such effects are either nonexistent or highly variable. To account for these mixed findings, we hypothesized that self-esteem level should only have main and moderating effects on job performance when one's self-esteem is not contingent upon workplace performance. Using multisource ratings across 2 samples of working adults, we found that the importance of performance to self-esteem (IPSE) moderated the effect of self-esteem level on job performance and moderated the buffering interaction between self-esteem level and role conflict in the prediction of job performance. Our results thus support IPSE as an important moderator of both main and moderating effects of self-esteem level.     

认知加工中时间与非时间信息的相互关系

在认知心理学领域，关于时间信息和非时间信息在认知加工中关系的争论有：相互独立、相互竞争、相互促进三大观点。本文对支持这三种观点的实验分别进行了分析、整理，并在此基础上概括出特定条件下时间信息与非时间信息的相互关系：事件结构一致条件下，两类信息在认知加工中表现为相互促进；如果事件结构不一致，而心理负荷(即两类信息所需注意资源之和)超过了注意总资源，两类信息表现为相互竞争；若心理负荷没有超过注意总资源，两类信息则表现为相互独立。     

欧洲大陆和英美哲学传统之间的区别、关联与融合--记与德国哲学家沃尔夫冈·诺义萨教授的谈话

2004年7月1日至9月4日,我在德国进行了为期两个月的学术访问.在此期间,我与凯瑟斯劳腾(Kaiserslauten)大学的哲学教授沃尔夫冈·诺义萨(Wolfgang Neuser)(简称"诺")就当前欧洲大陆哲学,特别是德国哲学的某些本质特征和发展趋势做了多次交谈.现将主要内容整理出来供大家参阅.     

公民身份的研究范式——理论把握与本土化解释

公民身份日益成为我国学术界的重要研究课题.如何将西方公民身份的研究范式与本国公民身份的发展特点有机地结合起来,是我国学者在研究本国公民身份时必须考虑的问题.针对这一问题.本文归纳了T.H.马歇尔、迈克尔‘曼和布赖恩·特纳提出的三种研究范式,分析了这些范式在研究中国公民身份问题时的局限和不足,并且在借鉴西方研究范式的基础上,结合本国公民身份的发展特点,从发展动力、发展轨迹、层级结构和发展取向的角度提出了研究中国公民身份的四种思路.     

Risk perceptions: assessment and relationship to influenza vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: Accurate measurement of beliefs about risk probability is essential to determine what role these beliefs have in health behavior. This study investigated the ability of several types of risk perception measures and of other constructs from health behavior theories to predict influenza vaccination. DESIGN: Prospective study in which students, faculty, and staff at 3 universities (N = 428) were interviewed in the fall, before influenza vaccine was available, and again early in the next calendar year. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Self-reported influenza vaccination. RESULTS: Two interview questions that asked about feeling at risk and feeling vulnerable predicted subsequent behavior better (r = .44, p = .001) than 2 questions that asked for agreement or disagreement with statements about risk probability (r = .25, p = .001) or 4 questions that asked respondents to estimate the magnitude of the risk probability (r = .30, p = .001). Of the 4 perceived risk magnitude scales, a 7-point verbal scale was the best predictor of behavior. Anticipated regret was the strongest predictor of vaccination (r = .45, p = .001) of all constructs studied, including risk perceptions, worry, and perceived vaccine effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Risk perceptions predicted subsequent vaccination. However, perceived risk phrased in terms of feelings rather than as a purely cognitive probability judgment predicted better. Because neither feeling at risk nor anticipated regret is represented in the most commonly used theories of health behavior, the data suggest that these theories are missing important constructs.     

探求知识的融贯性——米歇尔·塞尔的哲学思想述评

米歇尔·塞尔(Michel Serres,1930～)是法兰西科学院院士、巴黎第一大学哲学教授,巴黎索邦神学院科学史教授,法国著名的科学哲学家.他是一位横跨科学、文学与哲学领域的思想家,拥有希腊与拉丁古典研究学位以及两个数学学位.塞尔常常把自己比做希腊神话里的赫尔墨斯(Hermes),他穿梭于时间和空间中,在常人看来完全不相干的对象和事件中建立联系.他的这种做法使得当代许多评论家和一般读者感到迷惑和不知所措.     

民族国家的三大矛盾——来自吉登斯的启示

民族国家思想是吉登斯现代性思想体系的重要组成部分,代表了他对现代政治发展所作的反思。他从民主与监控、主权与暴力、民族与国家等三个角度出发,深入剖析了现代民族国家的发展动力和内在张力,深刻揭示了现代政治发展的矛盾性特征。