高低行为激活系统个体在赌博任务下的决策模式

为考察不同行为激活系统/行为抑制系统下的个体在Iowa赌博任务反应模式下的决策行为,本研究采用人格问卷与行为实验相结合的方式,探讨了人格、冲动和行为决策间的关系。结果发现:(1)行为激活系统三个维度与行为决策存在显著负相关,行为激活系统低分组的IGT得分较高,行为激活系统高分组的IGT得分较低,而冲动特征与IGT得分相关不显著;(2)行为激活系统高、低分者在IGT任务上差异显著,且行为激活系统高分组者在收益-风险并存情境中表现出"即时收益优先"的决策模式。结果提示,在收益-风险并存情境中,高行为激活的人格特征者倾向风险决策模式。     

窗口大小、呈现速度和字号对引导式文本阅读的影响

使用EyeLink2000眼动仪,以30名大学生为被试,采用3（窗口大小：5字、10、15字）×2（呈现速度：300字/分、600字/分）×3（字号：24号、36号、48号）多因素混合设计,考察了窗口大小、呈现速度和字号对引导式文本阅读的影响。结果表明：（1）字号的主效应显著,字号越大,越有利于阅读;（2）呈现速度的主效应显著,慢速更有利于阅读;（3）呈现速度和字号的交互作用显著,慢速和中号、慢速和大号更有利于阅读。     

An attentional blink for nontargets?

In a typical attentional blink experiment, viewers try to detect two target items among distractors in a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP): processing of the first target impairs participants' ability to recall a subsequent target at short stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). However, little is known about whether target detection interferes with memory for nontarget items. To answer this question, in two experiments, we employed a novel dual-task procedure: participants searched for a word target (e.g., "a four-footed animal") and then were tested for recognition of nontarget words. Detection of the target word, which was present on half the trials, produced a standard attentional blink effect on memory for nontarget words, with lag 1 sparing followed by an attentional blink at longer lags. This result shows that target processing has a generalized effect on processing of later events, not only other targets.     

Dynamic mechanisms of exercise to improve body satisfaction: Perceived or actual fat loss?

We examined the dynamic mechanisms of aerobic training (AT) and strength training (ST) to improve body satisfaction. Sixty-six participants were randomised to either the AT or ST condition and completed an 8-week intervention. Participants completed 3 weekly, 30-minute sessions of moderate intensity AT (65–75% VO₂max) or ST (65–75% 1-RM). The energy consumption of each session was approximately equivalent under both conditions. Body satisfaction, body composition, perceived fitness and exercise self-efficacy were measured at baseline and biweekly during the intervention. Exercise improved individuals' body satisfaction (p < .05). When the energy expenditures of AT and ST were equal, there was no difference in body satisfaction improvement. There were dynamic mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise on body satisfaction. Specifically, perceived fitness influenced body satisfaction improvements during the early stages of the exercise program, while changes in body composition influenced body satisfaction toward the end of the exercise program. There were sex differences in the mechanisms underlying body satisfaction. For women, perceived fat was more important in the early intervention period; for men, actual body fat was more valuable in the late intervention period. An effective strategy to improve body satisfaction is to initially target perceived fitness before focusing on changing body composition.     

Testing the efficacy of a new procedure for reducing faking on personality tests within selection contexts

The authors propose a new procedure for reducing faking on personality tests within selection contexts. This computer-based procedure attempts to identify and warn potential fakers early on during the testing process and then give them a chance for recourse. Two field studies were conducted to test the efficacy of the proposed procedure. Study 1 participants were 157 applicants competing for 10 staff positions at a large university located in a southern city in the People's Republic of China. In Study 1, potential fakers received a warning message, whereas nonfakers received a nonwarning (control) message. Study 2 participants were 386 Chinese college students applying for membership of a popular student organization at the same university where Study 1 was conducted. In Study 2, the warning and control messages were randomly assigned to all applicants. Results showed some promise for the proposed procedure, but several practical issues need to be considered.     

Consistent left gaze bias in processing different facial cues

While viewing faces, humans often demonstrate a natural gaze bias towards the left visual field, that is, the right side of the viewee’s face is often inspected first and for longer periods. Previous studies have suggested that this gaze asymmetry is a part of the gaze pattern associated with face exploration, but its relation with perceptual processing of facial cues is unclear. In this study we recorded participants’ saccadic eye movements while exploring face images under different task instructions (free viewing, judging familiarity and judging facial expression). We observed a consistent left gaze bias in face viewing irrespective of task demands. The probability of the first fixation and the proportion of overall fixations directed at the left hemiface were indistinguishable across different task instructions or across different facial expressions. It seems that the left gaze bias is an automatic reflection of hemispheric lateralisation in face processing, and is not necessarily correlated with the perceptual processing of a specific type of facial information.     

黑格尔的“第三条道路”——《法哲学原理》的合理性与现实性

黑格尔的《法哲学原理》在他整个体系中占据着特别重要的地位,然而自问世以来就不断引发争议和骂名。实际上,黑格尔在政治上既反对复辟派,也反对激进派,他对当时具有进步性质的普鲁士改革抱有希望,这种居间的政治姿态归根结蒂出自哲学家探求真理的理论动机。他从意志自由出发,力图以自由秩序取代自然秩序,从而突破了自然法传统,把社会-国家理论奠定在全新的基础之上。这个内容丰富的"法哲学"揭示出现代人类生活的真实状态与辩证结构,并通过将古代的整体原则与启蒙主义的个体性精神统一起来,力图寻找一条合理性与现实性在其中达成"和解"的"第三条道路",黑格尔也因此被视为"第一位意识到现代性问题的哲学家"。     

民族国家的三大矛盾——来自吉登斯的启示

民族国家思想是吉登斯现代性思想体系的重要组成部分,代表了他对现代政治发展所作的反思。他从民主与监控、主权与暴力、民族与国家等三个角度出发,深入剖析了现代民族国家的发展动力和内在张力,深刻揭示了现代政治发展的矛盾性特征。     

19世纪英国的济贫院制度初探

从17世纪开始,济贫院在英国逐步发展起来;1834年后,院内救济成为新济贫法体系的核心。济贫法委员会希望通过济贫院的威慑作用,促使贫民自力更生,减少济贫开支。济贫院遵循“劣等处置”和“济贫院检验”两个原则,院内的生活比较悲惨,被大众冠以穷人的“巴士底狱”,到19世纪70年代后才逐步得到改善。济贫院制度在英国社会保障制度和福利国家形成过程中起到不可忽视的作用。     

倏忽与浑沌和中医与西医

中医“科学化”和“现代化”是西方医学传入我国一百多年来几代中医人的夙愿和奋斗目标,但在以感染和传染性疾病为主要矛盾的生物医学模式阶段,却一直难以取得突破性的进展。随着各种慢性疾病发病率的逐年增加、医疗重点的转移和生物-心理-社会医学模式的确立,中医的现代化发展正在面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。借助《庄子》“倏忽为浑沌开窍”的故事,重点就新的医学模式下的中医现代化发展进行了一些方法论的探讨。