Observing emotion in infants: facial expression,body behavior,and rater judgments of responses to an expectancy-violating event

Eleven-month-old European-American, Japanese, and Chinese infants (ns = 23, 21, and 15, respectively) were videotaped during baseline and stimulus episodes of a covert toy-switch procedure. Infants looked longer at the object during the expectancy-violating event (stimulus episode) but did not produce more surprise-related facial expressions. American and Japanese infants produced more bodily stilling during stimulus than baseline, and American infants also produced more facial sobering. Naive raters viewing both episodes could correctly identify the expectancy-violating event. Rater judgments of surprise were significantly related to infants' bodily stilling and facial sobering. Judgments of interest were related to cessation of fussing. Thus, observer judgments of infant emotions can be systematically related to behaviors other than prototypic emotional facial expressions.     

儿童依“相似性”分类能力的发展及影响分类结果因素的实验研究

以4-9岁儿童为被试,用6张主要是相同事物的多少有差异的刺激图片为实验材料,采用全部呈现刺激图片和逐——呈现刺激图片,并且利用有无目标图的方法,来探讨儿童依“相似性”分类能力的发展及影响分类结果的因素。结果表明:(1)随着年龄的增长,儿童依“相似性”分类的能力在提高。(2)按目标图分类方式的分类结果显著好于自由分类方式的分类结果。(3)逐一呈现刺激方式的分类成绩显著好于全部呈现刺激方式的分类成绩。     

Beurteilerübereinstimmung von Psychotherapie-Gutachtern

The access to outpatient psychotherapy in Germany is regulated by an application and expert opinion procedure in a peer-review system. In an external assessment procedure, the application of each patient is considered concerning the existence of a mental disorder, a positive prognosis as well as the adequacy of the chosen therapy rationale. The present paper examines the reliability of this procedure by reanalysing the data from three studies on interrater agreement in the expert opinions about psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy, behaviour therapy or child and youth behaviour therapy. In the study of Rudolf et al. (2002) 48 experts re-examined two already assessed cases, in the studies of Sulz et al. (2003) as well as Sulz and Peterander (2004) each of 30 and respectively 7 experts had judged five non selected or seven selected applications. The interrater agreement was calculated using the kappa coefficient by Fleiss for the agreement among many raters, which tests the observed agreement probability against the expected agreement probability that would occur by chance. The level of agreement among the experts differs between 46% and 70%. With the chosen method it is mostly not possible to show that there is a significant higher agreement than by chance. The generalizability of the results to the usual assessment procedure is discussed as well as their potential for the advancement of the application procedure and expert peer-review system.     

论医疗侵权诉讼中的举证责任倒置规则

医患关系的紧张再次引起了人们对医疗侵权诉讼中举证责任倒置这一规则的关注。在对有关基本知识和人们争议焦点的分析之后,提出了应该在准确理解医疗侵权诉讼中举证责任倒置的适用条件和内容的基础上,结合这一规则设置的目的在当事人之间合理地进行举证责任的分配。     

忽视性阅读障碍的研究概况

首先介绍了忽视性阅读障碍(neglect dyslexia, ND)的概念,随后描述了ND病人在阅读过程中的表现,即衰减效应、词汇效应、词内区分效应、对称效应和词长效应以及保留的语义通达能力。尽管忽视症和ND可以分离,但两者之间有一定联系。文章最后对汉语ND的研究进行了分析和展望,认为其关键问题是阐明汉语ND在多大程度上与拼音文字ND具有可比性。     

动态视觉加工与儿童汉字阅读

使用视觉阈限测验、图片命名、字形相似性判断实验和语音意识等测验 ,考察了小学五年级儿童视觉加工技能与汉字阅读之间的关系。结果发现 :动态视觉加工与图片命名错误率、字形判断反应时和错误率、语音意识均有显著相关 ,静态视觉加工只与图片命名错误率相关显著 ;控制识字量后的偏相关分析显示 ,动态视觉加工与其他变量的相关关系不变 ,静态视觉加工与图片命名错误率的相关不再显著 ;回归分析发现动态视觉加工在识字量和语音意识的影响控制后 ,能够分别解释阅读流畅性、字形判断反应时和图片命名错误率 7%、2 5 %和 5 6 %的变化 ;语音意识能够解释识字量和阅读流畅性 9%和 10 %的变化 ;对差读者的动态视觉加工和语音意识分析发现 ,儿童在这两种测验上的个体差异很大。上述结果表明 ,阅读过程受基本知觉技能影响 ,动态视觉加工作用于汉字阅读的特定过程。     

笔画复杂性和重复性对笔画和汉字认知的影响

采用笔画识别和词汇决定的方法 ,对汉字笔画认知和笔画在汉字认知中的作用作了考察。实验一探讨了汉字笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知的影响。结果表明 ,笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知无显著影响 ,识别简单笔画和识别复杂笔画的反应时与错误率无显著差异。实验二考察了笔画的重复性对汉字认知的影响。结果表明 ,汉字认知中存在笔画重复性效应。笔画重复较多的汉字比笔画较少重复的汉字识别时间短 ,错误率亦低。整个实验结果支持笔画是汉字加工的基本单元的假设     

小学生快速阅读的眼动研究

用自然实验和实验室实验考察了对小学四年级学生进行快速阅读训练的有效性,结果发现：（1）快速阅读训练可以显著地提高小学生的有效读速;（2）快速阅读训练可以显著减少注视次数、注视点平均持续时间;（3）快速阅读训练可以显著扩大眼跳距离。     

个体创造性行为的动力来源探讨

个体创造性行为的动力来源一直是心理学研究者们争论的焦点,也是创造力研究领域中最为激动人心的话题。该文综述了人格特质理论、精神分析学派、人本主义、行为主义与社会心理学取向的研究者们对这一问题的看法。结论认为创造性行为的动力来源于个体内、外两个方面,社会心理学取向的研究具有特殊的实践意义,并且提出探讨环境作用的机制是进一步研究的方向。     

城市婴儿依恋类型分析及判别函数的建立

使用纵向和横向相结合的方法对64名12个月城市婴儿的母-婴对进行了研究,采用模拟的陌生情境法和Q-sort进行了依恋类型测验。结果发现：（1）对城市婴儿进行依恋类型判断的判别函数与国外进行的依恋判断函数非常相似;（2）婴儿不同的依恋类型具有跨年龄和跨情境的一致性;（3）中国城市婴儿的某些依恋类型具有与西方同类型婴儿不同的行为特点,其差异可能与文化和家庭抚养等因素有关