Dog owners show experience-based viewing behaviour in judging dog face approachability

Psychological Research - Our prior visual experience plays a critical role in face perception. We show superior perceptual performance for differentiating conspecific (vs non-conspecific), own-race...     

Women gaze behaviour in assessing female bodies: the effects of clothing,body size,own body composition and body satisfaction

Psychological Research - Often with minimally clothed figures depicting extreme body sizes, previous studies have shown women tend to gaze at evolutionary determinants of attractiveness when...     

Identifying Cheating on Unproctored Internet Tests: The Z‐test and the likelihood ratio test

Unproctored Internet testing (UIT) is becoming more popular in employment settings due to its cost effectiveness and efficiency. However, one of the major concerns with UIT is the possibility of cheating behaviors: a more capable conspirator can sit beside the real applicant and answer test items, or the applicant may use unauthorized materials. The present study examined the effectiveness of using a proctored verification test following the UIT to identify cheating in UIT, where 2 test statistics, a Z‐test and a likelihood ratio (LR) test, compare the consistency of test performance across the testing conditions. A simulation study was conducted to test the effectiveness of the two test statistics for a computerized adaptive test format. Results indicate that both test statistics have high power to detect dishonest job applicants at low Type I error rates. Compared with the LR test, the Z‐test was more efficient and effective and is therefore recommended for practical applications. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.     

中学生的班级环境、学业自我与学业求助的关系

为考察中学生的班级环境、学业自我和学业求助三者之间的关系,采用问卷法对415名初高中生进行了调查研究,结果发现:1)知觉到的班级环境为团结向上型的学生在学习中易倾向为工具性求助而较少执行性和回避性求助;2)中学生在学业自我总分上得分越高,他们越倾向于工具性求助而较少执行性和回避性求助;3)中学生对班级环境的知觉会影响其学业自我发展,同时班级环境中的师生关系会通过学业自我影响其学业求助行为。     

Discrimination of human and dog faces and inversion responses in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris)

Although domestic dogs can respond to many facial cues displayed by other dogs and humans, it remains unclear whether they can differentiate individual dogs or humans based on facial cues alone and, if so, whether they would demonstrate the face inversion effect, a behavioural hallmark commonly used in primates to differentiate face processing from object processing. In this study, we first established the applicability of the visual paired comparison (VPC or preferential looking) procedure for dogs using a simple object discrimination task with 2D pictures. The animals demonstrated a clear looking preference for novel objects when simultaneously presented with prior-exposed familiar objects. We then adopted this VPC procedure to assess their face discrimination and inversion responses. Dogs showed a deviation from random behaviour, indicating discrimination capability when inspecting upright dog faces, human faces and object images; but the pattern of viewing preference was dependent upon image category. They directed longer viewing time at novel (vs. familiar) human faces and objects, but not at dog faces, instead, a longer viewing time at familiar (vs. novel) dog faces was observed. No significant looking preference was detected for inverted images regardless of image category. Our results indicate that domestic dogs can use facial cues alone to differentiate individual dogs and humans and that they exhibit a non-specific inversion response. In addition, the discrimination response by dogs of human and dog faces appears to differ with the type of face involved.     

面孔方位对返回抑制的影响

采用辨别任务探讨了正立与倒立的中性面孔线索对返回抑制的影响。实验一采用同时线索化范式考察了正立与倒立面孔线索对靶刺激反应的影响,结果发现,两种面孔线索对随后靶刺激的反应没有影响。实验二采用单线索范式考察正立与倒立面孔对返回抑制的影响,结果发现,两种线索条件下均产生了返回抑制,而且返回抑制量没有显著差异。实验三,正立与倒立面孔作为靶刺激呈现,得到与实验二相同的结果。这些结果表明当采用中性面孔为线索时,返回抑制的产生并不受线索与靶刺激显著性的影响,而且返回抑制这种盲目机制不受任务难度的影响。     

A logic LU for understanding

Understanding a proposition for an intelligent agent is an important epistemic concept. We first discuss intuitively general logic characteristics of understanding, and give a language and a semantics containing understanding as a modal operator. Secondly, we develop the system LU for the operator, give some results of its proof theory, and then we prove the frame soundness and frame completeness of LU.     

The boundaries of context and their significance

In the study of contextualism, the most noticeable and at the same time ambiguous problem is how to ascertain the boundaries of context. This article tries to explore the boundaries of context and the significance of the “contextualizing movement” which began in the 1980s. The establishment of boundaries can be analyzed from three aspects: the syntactic boundary, the semantic boundary, and the pragmatic boundary. This differentiation offers meaningful perspectives for grasping the method of contextual analysis, strengthening its position and influence in scientific explanation.     

高等师范学校新生心理健康状况调查

目的了解高等师范学校新生心理健康状况。方法采用SCL-90症状自评量表对3231名大学新生进行调查,通过t检验或方差分析,比较不同特征群体心理健康水平差异。结果高师新生SCL-90总分阳性检出率为23.5%;高师新生在各因子得分上均低于大学生常模,却高于成人常模;SCL-90因子得分在性别、独生子女与非独生子女、城乡、家庭收入、家庭结构、家庭氛围等方面存在差异。结论高师新生心理健康状况整体良好,但对"心理问题"学生应提高警惕,对偏远乡村、家庭气氛不和谐、单亲家庭及家庭贫困新生要特别关注。     

帝国汪洋中的"孤岛"--从清代四川看天主教在汉地的农耕社区

本文通过文献资料的发掘和实地考察,整理出清代四川天主教社区分布情况,归纳出教徒社区形成的三种模式:宗族繁衍型社区、乡邻同化型社区、教点扩张型社区.探讨整合社区的伦理、宗教、经济和政治的原则和方法.从历史上的民教纠纷中,提炼出教徒区与社会在宗教上的对抗.通过几个典型案例,看教徒区在清朝时期的稳定性与脆弱性.特殊背景下壮大起来的天主教社区,在改变了小群体的信仰的时候,也在制造社会的动荡、造成内部的撕裂.