论亚里士多德伦理——政治学中“好人”的景象

亚里士多德的伦理学和政治学有着共同的出发点:人应选取最好的生活(或幸福),至于如何实现最好的生活,亚氏在伦理学和政治学中着重从德性阐释和理想政体的建构两个不同的方面给出解答。这两个不同方面的解答其实包含了同一种"好人"的两种景象。在伦理学中,"好人"是以理想的道德人身份出场的,但在政治学中,"好人"是以理想城邦的统治者(或立法者)身份出场的。尽管亚里士多德并没有给好人下一个明确的定义,但通过文本分析我们可推知好人需要满足"知""情""意"和"品质"四个条件,或者以"明智"德性作为充分必要条件。伦理学中"好人"的景象,为在政治学中"好人"作为理想政体的立法者或政治家的出场做了铺垫。     

Log Data Analysis with ANFIS: A Fuzzy Neural Network Approach

This study explores the use of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), a neuro-fuzzy approach, to analyze the log data of technology-based assessments to extract relevant features of student problem-solving processes, and develop and refine a set of fuzzy logic rules that could be used to interpret student performance. The log data that record student response processes while solving a science simulation task were analyzed with ANFIS. Results indicate the ANFIS analysis could generate and refine a set of fuzzy rules that shed lights on the process of how students solve the simulation task. We conclude the article by discussing the advantages of combining human judgments with the learning capacity of ANFIS for log data analysis and outlining the limitations of the current study and areas of future research.     

信任论纲

<正>在任何形式的社会合作中,信任都是不可或缺的。中国古代文明将 "诚"和 "信"作为重要的德目,乃至作为做人和进入社会以及为政和构建社会秩序的根本准则来看待。在欧洲,自罗马帝国始,"遵守承诺和信守契约"被看作是公正的基础 ( 西塞罗,第 13 页) ,成为普遍的商业乃至司法原则,并形成悠久的文化传统。现代性制度在本质上与信任相关。20 世纪下半叶,全球化的发展和现代化的深化特别是 "风险社会"的出现,使信任问题极大地凸显出来,成为全球性问题和社会矛盾     

《东皋琴谱》与中日古琴文化交流

古琴,一个从千年文明中走出来的乐器,中国传统音乐的典型代表,在文化的传播与交流中承载着特殊的意义。尤其以中日文化交流为典范、《东皋琴谱》为载体,将中国古琴文化传播至今。笔者最近在整理中央音乐学院图书馆藏古琴资料的过程中发现四个版本的《东皋琴谱》,现就此做一介绍与探究。     

Effect of Quality Characteristics of Peer Raters on Rating Errors in Peer Assessment

Little research has been done on the effects of peer raters’ quality characteristics on peer rating qualities. This study aims to address this gap and investigate the effects of key variables related to peer raters’ qualities, including content knowledge, previous rating experience, training on rating tasks, and rating motivation. In an experiment where training and motivation interventions were manipulated, 24 classes with 838 high school students were randomly assigned to study conditions. Inter-rater error, intra-rater error and criterion error indices for peer ratings on four selected essays were analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Results indicated that peer raters’ content knowledge, previous rating experience, and rating motivation were associated with rating errors. This study also found some significant interactions between peer raters’ quality characteristics. Implications for in-person and online peer assessments as well as future directions are discussed.     

FENGSHUI: SCIENCE,RELIGION, SUPERSTITION,OR TRADE?

Fengshui (also called Chinese geomancy) is a pre-modern tradition rooted in Chinese civilization. Chinese civilization is pre-modern and practice-oriented due to the domination of political power in China. In contrast, Western civilization is modernized. It witnessed the development of religion in ancient times, and the growth of science through reason (logic) and experiment in modern times. It is both rational and transcendental. It seems that Fengshui is an intermediate between science and religion. It is not science although its focus is on this world, for it does not seek knowledge and truth. It is not religion although it is mystical, for it does not seek transcendence and good. It is not only superstition (or magic), but also a mystical trade that centers on secular benefits.     

How do children view and categorise human and dog facial expressions?

Children are often surrounded by other humans and companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats); and understanding facial expressions in all these social partners may be critical to successful social interactions. In an eye-tracking study, we examined how children (4–10 years old) view and label facial expressions in adult humans and dogs. We found that children looked more at dogs than humans, and more at negative than positive or neutral human expressions. Their viewing patterns (Proportion of Viewing Time, PVT) at individual facial regions were also modified by the viewed species and emotion, with the eyes not always being most viewed: this related to positive anticipation when viewing humans, whilst when viewing dogs, the mouth was viewed more or equally compared to the eyes for all emotions. We further found that children's labelling (Emotion Categorisation Accuracy, ECA) was better for the perceived valence than for emotion category, with positive human expressions easier than both positive and negative dog expressions. They performed poorly when asked to freely label facial expressions, but performed better for human than dog expressions. Finally, we found some effects of age, sex, and other factors (e.g., experience with dogs) on both PVT and ECA. Our study shows that children have a different gaze pattern and identification accuracy compared to adults, for viewing faces of human adults and dogs. We suggest that for recognising human (own-face-type) expressions, familiarity obtained through casual social interactions may be sufficient; but for recognising dog (other-face-type) expressions, explicit training may be required to develop competence.

Highlights

• We conducted an eye-tracking experiment to investigate how children view and categorise facial expressions in adult humans and dogs
• Children's viewing patterns were significantly dependent upon the facial region, species, and emotion viewed
• Children's categorisation also varied with the species and emotion viewed, with better performance for valence than emotion categories
• Own-face-types (adult humans) are easier than other-face-types (dogs) for children, and casual familiarity (e.g., through family dogs) to the latter is not enough to achieve perceptual competence

     

斯里兰卡民族冲突的根源

斯里兰卡独立后,僧伽罗、泰米尔两大民族之间冲突不断发生.两大民族的冲突起源于英国殖民统治时期,佛教革命和一元制体制的建立是其宗教及文化根源,政府政策方针的变化则是其政治原因.     

人力资本对流动人口就业收入的影响——北京微观数据的考察

作为影响就业收入的重要因素,人力资本对流动人口的工资和收入的影响一直以来备受关注,但是对人力资本的衡量以及人力资本各部分对就业收入的影响程度仍存在较大争论.本文利用2006年"北京市1‰流动人口抽样调查"数据,运用改进的明瑟收入模型,以北京市为例分别从教育、健康、培训、迁移四个方面考察人力资本对流动人口就业收入的影响程度以及作用机制,结果表明流动人口的人力资本提升对就业收入具有重要影响,其中教育贡献最为显著,接受培训达到两次以上有正向显著影响,而流动时间过短或过长都不利于收入提高.