朝华:客家佛教民俗

朝华为流传于赣南、闽西等客家地区的佛教民俗,就其运作方式、民俗特点以及形成和传承的原因等进行探讨,对于佛教研究和客家民俗研究都具有较强的现实意义。     

《资本论》中的民主观

马克思的政治思想一直是国内外理论界讨论的热点,特别是20世纪90年代前苏联和东欧等国政治格局巨变后,马克思的政治理论受到西方自由主义者的质疑。如波普尔、哈耶克就认为马克思是民主的敌人,他的社会主义理论意味着奴役和独裁,按照马克思的政治理论,必然会导致集权和纳粹主义     

当代科学哲学的现状及发展趋势

怎样认识、理解和分析当代科学哲学的现状,是我们把握当代科学哲学面临的主要矛盾和问题、推进它在可能发展趋势上获得进步的重大课题,有必要将其澄清.     

双耳分听和补笔对立即回忆延迟回忆影响的实验研究

通过两个实验探讨集中注意和补笔练习对立即回忆、延迟回忆的影响。实验一以英语单词为学习材料,使用组间设计方法,实验组采用附加追随程序和补笔练习;控制组为自定学习方式。学习结果表明：在自由回忆英文单词、听写英文单词和中译英三个方面,实验组的学习成绩明显高于控制组;实验组的学习方式更有利于低分组学生的学习。实验二的学习方式与实验一相同,通过４次测试的回归分析发现,实验组的学习发展水平明显高于控制组。     

Young children with a positive reputation to maintain are less likely to cheat

The present study examined whether having a positive reputation to maintain makes young children less likely to cheat. Cheating was assessed through a temptation resistance paradigm in which participants were instructed not to cheat in a guessing game. Across three studies (total N = 361), preschool‐aged participants were randomly assigned to either a reputation condition, in which an experimenter told them that she had learned of their positive reputation from classmates, or to a control condition in which they received no such information. By age 5, children in the reputation condition cheated less often than those in the control condition even though nobody was watching and choosing not to cheat conflicted with their personal interest. These findings are the first to show that informing children that they have a positive reputation to maintain can influence their moral behavior.     

Chinese are more loss averse than British

This research investigates how culture might influence loss aversion. Chinese were expected to be more loss averse than British because of cultural differences in regulatory focus. Study 1 reveals that compared with British participants, Chinese participants were less likely to give up gifts they had received in exchange for new gifts. In Study 2, Chinese and British participants imagined buying a computer which either had a high specification and a high price tag (high reference), or a basic specification and a low price tag (low reference). Participants were informed that the (reference) computer was unavailable, and they had to choose between two available computers, which were both cheaper and less powerful than the high reference computer, and more expensive and more powerful than the low reference computer. The results reveal that the difference in price tag between the two available computers had a bigger impact on Chinese buying decisions than on British buying decisions when it was viewed as a loss. Furthermore, both promotion focus and prevention focus mediated the influence of culture on buying decisions in the low reference condition. No cross‐cultural difference was found in the high reference condition.     

高压氧对小鼠学习记忆及脑细胞形态结构的影响

实验用两种行为模型（旷场行为模型和Ｙ－迷宫分辨学习模型）观察了幼龄小鼠在不同压力的高压氧处理后,对新异环境的探究行为和自发活动情况,以及学习记忆能力的变化;并用ＸＹ－生物医学电脑图像分析仪分析了与学习记忆相关的脑区（大脑皮层、海马）神经元密度,细胞核面积,胞核／胞浆比值的变化。结果表明：（１）与对照组相比,吸０.１ＭＰａ高压氧的幼鼠学习记忆能力明显提高,相关脑区的神经元密度、细胞核面积、胞核／浆比均显著增加。（２）吸０.２５ＭＰａ高压氧的幼鼠学习记忆能力与对照组相比无明显变化,但其在新异环境中的自发行为明显减少。提示：慢性吸入０.１ＭＰａ高压氧有利于促进幼鼠脑的生长发育,增强脑功能活动。     

心理测验中个人拟合研究的回顾与展望

个人拟合研究是对心理测验中偏差行为鉴别的一种新方法,它以Guttman理想模型、项目反应理论和非参数项目反应理论为基础。传统个人拟合指标是对宽泛偏差行为的检验,当前个人拟合研究更具体、更形象,针对于某种偏差行为的专门性指标和图形与回归分析受到了越来越多的关注。但无论哪种个人拟合方法都会受到各种无关因素的影响,如何克服这些影响,提高个人拟合方法的实际应用价值将成为个人拟合研究的主要方向     

从词频和新旧效应探讨再认测验中的定向遗忘

本文采用字表方式,从高低词频和新旧效应角度,探讨内隐和外显测验中定向遗忘效应的存在性及其机制问题。结果发现:(1)低频词在两种测验中都存在定向遗忘效应,而高频词仅存在于外显测验中。(2)两种测验中都存在指示记住的新旧效应,而外显测验中不存在指示忘记的新旧效应。由此推断,测验间在没有"意识和无意识"相互污染的理想情况下,只有外显测验可获得定向遗忘效应;定向遗忘的机制可能是选择性编码机制。     

记忆源检测的双加工机制研究

本研究借鉴Mitchell等人的图词归源和早晚归源任务,引发启发式和系统式加工,并引入知觉流畅性变量,试图在知觉层面上分离两种加工的底层工作模式。结果发现:(1)源检测具有相对脆弱性,成绩显著差于再认。(2)启发式加工和系统式加工在加工速度和底层工作模式上分离,启发式加工速度快,其工作模式似乎是对刺激的知觉流畅性进行阈下水平的解释与归因,而系统式加工速度慢,其工作模式似乎是对意义的分析与推理。