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61.
Gunnar Björnsson 《Philosophical Studies》2007,133(3):349-390
Despite recent efforts to improve on counterfactual theories of causation, failures to explain how effects depend on their
causes are still manifest in a variety of cases. In particular, theories that do a decent job explaining cases of causal preemption
have problems accounting for cases of causal intransitivity. Moreover, the increasing complexity of the counterfactual accounts
makes it difficult to see why the concept of causation would be such a central part of our cognition. In this paper, I propose
an account of our causal thinking that not only explains the hitherto puzzling variety of causal judgments, but also makes
it intelligible why we would employ such an elusive concept. 相似文献
62.
This study examined co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder and personality disorders as predictors of treatment outcomes in adult outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. The patients received exposure with response prevention (ERP) treatment with the addition of either elements of cognitive therapy (ERP+CT) or relaxation training (ERP+REL). It was hypothesized that the addition of cognitive interventions would yield better treatment outcomes for patients with co-morbid generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder. It was also hypothesized that patients with any personality disorder would show less treatment gains in both conditions. Using intention-to-treat criteria, patients with generalized anxiety disorder and/or panic disorder co-morbidity showed less treatment gains at post-treatment across both treatment conditions. This group showed significantly more treatment gains in the ERP+CT condition at the post-treatment and the 12-month follow-up assessments compared with patients in the ERP+REL condition. However, this was not significant when comparing treatment completers. Patients with a co-morbid Cluster A or B personality disorder showed significantly less treatment gains in both treatment conditions at the 12-month follow-up assessment. Among treatment completers, patients with a Cluster C personality disorder showed significantly better outcomes at the post-treatment assessment in the ERP+REL treatment condition. These results, clinical implications, and the importance of further investigations are discussed. 相似文献
63.
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65.
Pernilla Omerov PhD Rossana Pettersen PhD David Titelman PhD Tommy Nyberg MSc Gunnar Steineck PhD Atle Dyregrov PhD Ullakarin Nyberg PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2017,47(1):38-47
Encountering the body of a child who died by suicide at the site of death is believed to be especially harmful for bereaved parents. We investigated the association between encountering the body at the site of the suicide and psychological distress in 666 suicide‐bereaved parents. Parents who had encountered their child's body at the site of the suicide (n = 147) did not have a higher risk of nightmares (relative risk [RR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–1.35), intrusive memories (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84–1.13), avoidance of thoughts (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.74–1.27), avoidance of places or things (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66–1.25), anxiety (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64–1.33), or depression (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.63–1.42) compared with parents who had not encountered the body (n = 512). Our results suggest that losing a child by suicide is sufficiently disastrous by itself to elicit posttraumatic responses or psychiatric morbidity whether or not the parent has encountered the deceased child at the site of death. 相似文献
66.
67.
Anne E. Münster Halvari Hallgeir Halvari Gunnar Bjørnebekk Edward L. Deci 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(1):15-33
The present study: (1) developed a Self-Regulation Questionnaire for Dental Treatment (SRQDT) based on Self-Determination
Theory (SDT; Deci and Ryan, Psychol Inq 11:227–268, 2000), and (2) used it to test a SDT process model of oral self-care behaviours and dental clinic attendance. Patients’ perceptions
of autonomy supportive (relative to controlling) dental professionals were expected to be positively associated with patients’
psychological needs satisfaction in treatment, which was expected to be positively related to relative autonomous motivation
for dental treatment and perceived dental competence, and negatively related to anxiety for dental treatment. In turn, relative
autonomous motivation for dental treatment and perceived dental competence were expected to be positively associated with
oral self-care behaviours and dental clinic attendance. Anxiety for dental treatment was expected to be negatively related
to dental clinic attendance and positively linked to putting off making a dental clinic appointment. Confirmatory factor analysis
of the 5 factor SRQDT model fit the data very well, and a structural equation model supported the hypothesized process model. 相似文献
68.
Gunnar Declerck 《Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology》2018,49(4):321-341
The aim of this narrow-focused text is to argue against the claim that the appresentation of unperceived features of objects that is implied in perceptual intentionality presupposes a reference to perceptions other subjects could have of these objects. This claim, as it has been defended by Dan Zahavi, rests upon an erroneous supposition about the modal status of the perceptual possibilities to which the perceived object refers, which shall not be interpreted as effectively realizable but as mere de jure possibilities, perceptions that could have been realized in principle, but that are maybe beyond one’s reach considering one’s concrete factual powers and opportunities. Horizontal intentionality is better accounted for in terms of perceptions that one could have had because of one’s embodied character and the always open possibility of occupying another position with respect to the object. This modal ubiquity which is inherent to one’s being-in-space is what supports the field of de jure possibilities that is implied in horizontal intentionality. The co-presence of the parts and features one does not perceive from here is a counterpoint to one’s being-possibly-there. 相似文献
69.
Gunnar Breivik 《Sport, Ethics and Philosophy》2018,12(2):133-148
The article looks at sport as a form of human action where the participants display various forms of Intentionality. Intentionality may be defined as ‘that property of many mental states and events by which they are directed at or about or of objects and states of affairs in the world.’ Sporting actions are about human intentions, beliefs, desires, perceptions and not to forget, movements. This means that sports typically display what we call ‘Intentionality.’ The study of Intentionality and intentional actions has previously received relatively little attention among sport philosophers, but deserves more attention. Even though there is a tension and several differences between continental and analytical approaches to philosophical problems, there is a common understanding of the phenomenon we call ‘Intentionality.’ The debate between John Searle, representing the analytical camp, and Hubert Dreyfus, representing the phenomenological camp, is instructive to see the differences, and also the commonalities between the two approaches. The article starts with a clarification of the concept of Intentionality and sketches some of the history and background of the concept. It then presents the main conceptual framework that Searle uses to distinguish the different types and forms of Intentionality and his views on sporting actions. This is followed by a presentation of the phenomenological approach of Dreyfus and the response by Searle. The article ends by discussing the possibility of a combined and enriched view where a clarification of the logic as well as the phenomenology of sporting actions is needed. It may thus be possible to bridge the gap between the two approaches. 相似文献
70.
In two studies, the influence of key emotional and motivational factors on performance in different achievement goal-type
situations is examined. In study 1, based on 314 sixth-graders, two types of goal situations were induced; performance and
mastery. The goals were examined with respect to important antecedents (e.g., motive dispositions) and several consequences
(e.g., performance, satisfaction, pleasant affect, worry, and emotionality). The results showed that the motive to achieve
success (M
s) produced positive affects, satisfaction, and increased performance, whereas the motive to avoid failure (M
f) produced worries and performance reduction. In study 2, based on 331 sixth-graders, three types of goal situations were
induced; performance–approach, performance–avoidance, and mastery goals. The findings revealed that the most important single
factors positively related to performance were M
s and mastery–goal situation. In addition, high M
s pupils performed better under mastery condition than under performance condition. Finally, avoidance-goal situation accentuate
the negative effects of high M
f on performance. 相似文献