Immediate-early Fos protein levels in brainstem neurons of male and female gonadectomized mice subjected to cold exposure

The expression of the immediate early gene c-fos has been used extensively as a marker for neural activation in response to acute and chronic stressful stimuli in brain and spinal cord. The present study examined the expression of Fos protein in the brainstem nuclei of male and female gonadectomized mice in response to cold stress. Free-floating sections were processed immunohistochemically for Fos protein using standard avidin-biotin complex methods. The number of Fos-positive neurons in each nucleus was determined. Although the experiment was designed to look for gender differences, results were equivalent between females and males. After mice were exposed to a cold ambient temperature (4 degrees C) for 2 h, elevated numbers of Fos-positive neurons were counted in the medullary gigantocellular reticular nucleus, medullary raphe nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract and in locus coeruleus. However, no elevated expression was found in nucleus ambiguus, nor in neurons of the A1 group, nor the C2 or C3 group. Similar to rats, these results with mice reveal a widespread arousal system in the lower brainstem activated by cold stress in both genders. These findings in gonadectomized mice have set the stage for investigations following hormonal and genetic manipulations.     

Calcium signaling in mitral cell dendrites of olfactory bulbs of neonatal rats and mice during olfactory nerve Stimulation and beta-adrenoceptor activation

Synapses formed by the olfactory nerve (ON) provide the source of excitatory synaptic input onto mitral cells (MC) in the olfactory bulb. These synapses, which relay odor-specific inputs, are confined to the distally tufted single primary dendrites of MCs, the first stage of central olfactory processing. beta-adrenergic modulation of electrical and chemical signaling at these synapses may be involved in early odor preference learning. To investigate this possibility, we combined electrophysiological recordings with calcium imaging in olfactory bulb slices prepared from neonatal rats and mice. Activation of ON-MC synapses induced postsynaptic potentials, which were associated with large postsynaptic calcium transients. Neither electrical nor calcium responses were affected by beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonist. Immunocytochemical analysis of MCs and their tufted dendrites revealed clear immunoreactivity with antibodies against alpha1A (Cav2.1, P/Q-type) and alpha1B (Cav2.2, N-type), but not against alpha1C (Cav1.2, L-type) or alpha1D (Cav1.3, L-type) calcium channel subunits. Moreover, nimodipine, a blocker of L-type calcium channels, had no effect on either electrical or calcium signaling at ON-MC synapses. In contrast to previous evidence, we concluded that in neonatal rats and mice (P5-P8), mitral cells do not express significant amounts of L-type calcium channels, the calcium channel type that is often targeted by beta-adrenergic modulation. The absence of beta-adrenergic modulation on either electrical or calcium signaling at ON-MC synapses of neonatal rats and mice excludes the involvement of this mechanism in early odor preference learning.     

肿瘤逆转治疗的哲学思考

人们普遍认同正常组织可以变为肿瘤,将肿瘤逆转为正常组织将是最好的治疗手段,恶性肿瘤能否逆转曾经受到质疑和挑战,逆转恶性肿瘤从假说到科学经历了漫长而曲折的过程,运用马克思主义认识论的原理分析恶性肿瘤逆转的可行性、思路和方法,将为最终攻克恶性肿瘤开辟一条新的途径.     

ICU医院获得性MRSA感染的防治

近年来耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染发生率和病死率明显升高.早期检出MRSA带菌者并及时干预可降低患者病死率,缩短住院时间;加强病室、医务人员及患者的管理可预防MRSA感染的流行及爆发;规范应用抗菌药物,掌握万古霉素以及其他抗菌药物对MRSA治疗的作用,对防治ICU内医院获得性MRSA感染具有重要意义.     

Building trust to increase purchase intentions: The signaling impact of low pricing policies

We examine the differential signaling impact of two low pricing policies, Price Matching Guarantees and Everyday Low Prices, on consumers' trusting beliefs and purchase intentions. We demonstrate that both PMG and EDLP pricing policies signal stores' ability to offer lower prices. However, whether these sellers were perceived as benevolent, and—consequently—consumers' purchase intentions, varied critically depending upon price uncertainty. Perceived benevolence and purchase intentions were significantly higher [lower] for sellers offering PMG than EDLP when price dispersion was high [low]. Our findings offer insights into whether and under what conditions firms should adopt these low pricing policies.     

控制和外界客体社会效价对身体拥有感的影响

研究采用运动橡胶手错觉范式,操纵了“控制”和“社会效价”两个变量,通过行为实验探讨了控制和社会效价对身体拥有感的影响。结果发现,与“被动控制”条件相比,“主动控制”条件产生了更强的拥有感; 与“不利”条件相比,“有利”条件产生了更强的拥有感。且“控制”和“社会效价”的交互作用显著:无论哪种控制条件,有利条件下的拥有感都显著高于不利条件下的拥有感; 无论哪种效价条件,主动控制条件下的拥有感均显著高于被动控制条件下的拥有感。该结果表明,控制和社会效价是产生身体拥有感的条件。研究结果为提高假肢佩戴者对假肢的心理接纳程度提供了有益的训练途径。     

Leader Network Centrality and Team Performance: Team Size as Moderator and Collaboration as Mediator

The social network perspective provides a valuable lens to understand the effectiveness of team leaders. In understanding leadership impact in team networks, an important question concerns the structural influence of leader centrality in advice-giving networks on team performance. Taking the inconsistent evidence for the positive relationship of network centrality and leadership effectiveness as a starting point, we suggest that the positive impact of leader centrality in advice-giving networks is contingent on team needs for leadership to meet communication and coordination challenges, which we argue are larger in larger teams. Developing our analysis, we examine the mediating role of member collaboration in the relationship of leader network centrality and team performance as moderated by team size. Based on a multi-source dataset of 542 employees and 71 team leaders, we found that leader centrality in advice-giving networks related positively to team performance in larger teams but negatively in smaller teams. Results supported the mediated moderation model via member collaboration in smaller teams, but not in larger teams.

     

心理学对经济学的涉入——从理性自利到社会偏好的决策框架

理性认知能力与社会偏好存在紧密的关联。文章简要回顾了经济决策理论从理性模型到有限理性模型和社会偏好模型的发展进程,论述了人们理性的局限性及其根源,并进一步探讨理性认知能力与社会偏好的关系。对人类以及灵长目动物的研究显示,有限理性可能是由根源于演化的适应性机制所导致。人类不公平厌恶的起源、个体公平能力的发展规律和表征公平的大脑结构上的证据表明,理性认知能力能让人更好地抑制自私性,实现更高层次的公平。     

动机的结构与效应：基于动机连续体的视角

动机是影响学生学业成绩重要的非认知因素。通常认为动机对学习是有利的,但研究发现并非所有动机都是有益的,这提醒研究人员有必要区分出各种不同的动机类型。现有研究一致表明内部动机对学业成就具有积极且长期稳定的效应,而外部动机的效应尚存在争议。具体而言,有研究者认为外部动机对学业成就是有害的,但部分研究发现外部动机在某些特定情况下能够发挥着不可或缺的积极作用。 针对上述存在的争议,本研究梳理了“动机连续体”这一概念,从两个方面的研究来进行阐释。首先,从大理论的角度整合了动机的相关理论,以自我决定理论的动机连续体为基础,引出相关理论,如兴趣理论、目标理论、期望价值理论、自我价值理论、强化理论、社会认知理论等。这些理论可以解释动机连续体中一种或几种类型的动机。 其次,从动机的结构及其如何影响结果变量这一角度对上述理论及其应用进行总结,主要存在四个观点。传统的争论集中在单维结构和多维结构之间。单维结构认为内部动机和外部动机是相互对立的,即内部动机会促进绩效,而外部动机会降低绩效。多维结构认为内部动机和外部动机能够相互累加,都能促进绩效。近年来,研究人员提出了更复杂的结构来整合上述观点。譬如半辐射结构使用全局因子来表示动机的整体水平,同时允许特定因子表示具体动机类型。这种半辐射结构借用了双因子模型,提取了一个“自我决定因子”,同时允许每种特定动机类型具有自身独特的影响。此外,乘积模型表明这两种动机之间存在交互作用,即外部动机的对结果的影响会因个体内部动机水平的变化而变化,反之亦然。 综上所述,本研究总结了关于动机连续体的不同理论之间的优缺点,回顾了动机结构的不同假设及其应用。在不同学科中对动机的测量方式、动机对不同结果变量的不同影响以及动机的跨文化研究等问题仍然是目前研究的热点。对动机结构和效应的深入探讨可以更好地帮助研究人员将不同的理论应用于适当的情境中。     

非小细胞肺癌 EG FR 基因突变检测与临床意义

采用荧光PCR法对199例晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC ）组织进行表皮生长因子受体（EGFR ）基因突变检测,分析EGFR基因突变的分布特征及其与临床病理特征的相关性。结果显示56例（28．1％）存在EGFR基因突变,其中27例（13．6％）为外显子19突变,25例（12．6％）为外显子21突变,2例为外显子18突变,1例外显子20突变,1例外显子18和20的共突变。另外,除广东及安徽省铜陵市外,辽宁地区NSCLC患者EGFR基因突变率及主要突变类型与其他地区相符,常见于外显子19、21突变,其中腺癌、不吸烟患者突变率更高,更适宜EGFR-TKI靶向治疗。