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201.
This study investigated how the speed-accuracy balance is modulated by changes in the time course of motor activation and
inhibition of a primed response. Responses and event-related brain potentials were recorded in a paradigm in which the first
stimulus indicated the correct response with 80% validity. The remaining 20% of the trials required no response (no-go) or
a response opposite to the cued hand (change trials). Subjects were instructed either to balance speed and accuracy or to
emphasize speed at the cost of accuracy. Analyses of error patterns, reaction time distributions and brain potentials show
that subjects can modulate the amount of activation of the primed response. More surprisingly, the engagement of inhibition
of the response also varied with the speed-accuracy instruction. The results are consistent with a model where the frontothalamic
loop actively controls both the activation and the inhibition of responses, depending on the current task requirements.
This study was supported by the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO) grant numbers 575-63-082 and 575-25-004.
The work of Dr. Band and Dr. Ridderinkhof was supported by grants from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences 相似文献
202.
Samuel F. Sears Jr. James R. Rodrigue Brian C. Sirois Guido G. Urizar Michael G. Perri 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1999,6(3):303-316
Multidisciplinary pre-cardiac transplantation evaluations determine an individual's ability to benefit from potential transplantation. Psychologists are routinely consulted to perform psychological evaluations and testing to examine the candidate's current functioning and to forecast future functioning in the event of transplantation. The establishment of appropriate norms for psychological tests is an ethical imperative to provide high quality psychological consultations that maximize the utility of information gathered. The purpose of this paper is to present pre-cardiac transplant norms for a battery of psychological tests in a large population of consecutive transplant candidates. Together with other recently published norms on alternative test batteries, these norms allow the transplant psychologist to select from a range of psychological tests that span multiple domains of critical importance including the affective, behavioral, coping, cognitive, and health related quality of life domains. These norms appear to set a standard of practice for the use of psychological tests by a consulting transplantation psychologist. 相似文献
203.
204.
Guido Peeters 《European journal of social psychology》1976,6(2):191-205
Three schemata relevant to the inference of traits attributed to a and b from respectively reciprocal liking and disliking relations between a and b are derived from the research literature: (a) Homogeneity according to which likable traits would be attributed to a and b if they like each other, while dislikable traits if they dislike each other; (b) balance according to which more similarity would be attributed to a and b if they like each other than if they dislike each other, the relative similarity effect being localized on a likableness dimension; (c) positivity bias according to which favorable traits would be attributed irrespective of the stimulus information given. An experiment is reported which provides support for the three schemata with the exception that no unequivocal evidence is obtained for the restriction of the balance effect to a likableness dimension. Further, individual Ss are found not to have stable preferences for particular schemata but to switch readily from one schema to the other. 相似文献
205.
Guido Peeters 《European journal of social psychology》1971,1(4):455-474
Positivity bias is approached from three viewpoints: (a) It may be the effect of purely cognitive dispositions. (b) As such, it may function as an hypothesis about reality. The related dynamic factor would be a tendency toward cognitive validity which may lead to an orientation toward the negative as a means to test the positivity-hypothesis. (c) Finally, the subject may seek rewarding behavioral interactions with entities within his life space. In this context cognitive positivity bias may reflect a behavioural approach bias which can be related to the dynamics of ‘mere survival’ and ‘self-actualization’. 相似文献
206.
Philosophical Studies - Modal knowledge accounts that are based on standards possible-worlds semantics face well-known problems when it comes to knowledge of necessities. Beliefs in necessities are... 相似文献
207.
Kris Van den Broeck Guido Pieters Laurence Claes Ann Berens Filip Raes 《Memory (Hove, England)》2016,24(10):1302-1310
Overgeneral memory (OGM), the tendency to retrieve categories of events from autobiographical memory instead of single events, is found to be a reliable predictor for future mood disturbances and post-traumatic symptom severity. Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often report co-morbid episodes of major depressive disorder (MDD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, we investigated whether OGM would predict depression severity and (post-traumatic) stress symptoms in BPD patients. At admission (N?=?54) and at six-month follow-up (N?≥?31), BPD patients completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders, the Assessment of DSM-IV Personality Disorders, the Autobiographical Memory Test, the Beck Depression Inventory—2nd edition (BDI-II), and the Impact of Event Scale. OGM at baseline predicted (a) higher levels of depressive symptoms at follow-up and (b) more intrusions related to a stressful event over and above baseline levels of borderline symptoms, depressive symptoms, and intrusions, respectively. No association was found between memory specificity and event-related avoidance at follow-up. Despite previous findings suggesting that OGM in BPD is less robust than in MDD and PTSD, our results suggest that memory specificity in BPD patients may have some relevance for the course of depressive and stress symptomatology in BPD. 相似文献
208.
Time along with space is one of the two fundamental dimensions of life. Whereas spatial aspects have been considered in experiments with marine mammals, research has so far not focused on timing per se although it is most likely involved in many behaviours such as foraging or navigation. This study investigated whether harbour seals possess a sense of time and how precisely they are able to discriminate time intervals. Experiments took place in a chamber that allowed keeping ambient illumination constant at 40 lx. The animal was presented with a white circle on a black background on a monitor displayed for a preset time interval. In a two-alternative forced-choice experiment, the animal had to indicate the presence of the standard or a longer comparison time interval by moving its head to one out of two response targets. Time difference thresholds were assessed for various standard intervals between 3 to 30 s adopting a staircase procedure. The experimental animal found access to the task easily and discriminated time intervals with difference thresholds partly in the millisecond range. Thus our study revealed a well-developed sense of time in a pinniped species. Time, besides information provided by the classical senses, is thus most likely an important parameter seals can rely on for various tasks including navigation and foraging. 相似文献
209.
Decision making often involves using prior contextual information to evaluate relevant events. A laboratory equivalent of context processing situations, the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT), yields errors when a target probe appears in a nontarget context, or when a nontarget probe appears in a target context. According to goal-driven accounts, context information is used for top-down preparation towards processing of context-appropriate information. Performance costs in nontarget trials are attributed to inefficient cognitive control. In contrast, the episodic binding account predicts that prior experiences with combinations of a context, probe, and response are bound in episodic memory and thus bias future actions. Performance costs in this view are caused by the need to overrule prepotent associations. The current experiments tested the relative importance of proactive cognitive control versus episodic learning of appropriate stimulus-response relations for CPT performance. Support was obtained for both contributions. 相似文献
210.
Ron Berghmans Johan de Jong Aad Tibben Guido de Wert 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(4):311-321
The shift in the prevailing view of alcoholism from a moral paradigm towards a biomedical paradigm is often characterized
as a form of biomedicalization. We will examine and critique three reasons offered for the claim that viewing alcoholism as
a disease is morally problematic. The first is that the new conceptualization of alcoholism as a chronic brain disease will
lead to individualization, e.g., a too narrow focus on the individual person, excluding cultural and social dimensions of
alcoholism. The second claim is that biomedicalization will lead to stigmatization and discrimination for both alcoholics
and people who are at risk of becoming alcoholics. The third claim is that as a result of the biomedical point of view, the
autonomy and responsibility of alcoholics and possibly even persons at risk may be unjustly restricted. Our conclusion is
that the claims against the biomedical conceptualization of alcoholism as a chronic brain disease are neither specific nor
convincing. Not only do some of these concerns also apply to the traditional moral model; above that they are not strong enough
to justify the rejection of the new biomedical model altogether. The focus in the scientific and public debate should not
be on some massive “biomedicalization objection” but on the various concerns underlying what is framed in terms of the biomedicalization
of alcoholism. 相似文献