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41.
Mary K. Kaiser 《Behavior research methods》1996,28(2):233-238
Advances in high-end graphics computers in the past decade have made it possible to render visual scenes of incredible complexity and realism in real time. These new capabilities make it possible to manipulate and investigate the interactions of observers with their visual world in ways once only dreamed of. This paper reviews how these developments have affected two preexisting domains of behavioral research (flight simulation and motion perception) and have created a new domain (virtual environment research) which provides tools and challenges for the perceptual psychologist. Finally, the current limitations of these technologies are considered, with an eye toward how perceptual psychologists might shape future developments. 相似文献
42.
The last decade has witnessed tremendous advancements in the computer hardware and software used to perform scientific visualization. In this paper, we consider how the visualization of a particular data set, the digital terrain model derived from the Viking orbiter imagery, has been realized in four distinct projects over this period. These examples serve to demonstrate how the vast improvements in computational performance both decrease the cost of such visualization efforts and permit an increasing level of interactivity. We then consider how even today’s graphical systems require the visualization designer to make intelligent choices and tradeoffs in database rendering. Finally, we discuss how insights gleaned from an understanding of human visual perception can guide these design decisions, and suggest new options for visualization hardware and software. 相似文献
43.
CAN IMITATION IN PIGEONS BE EXPLAINED BY LOCAL ENHANCEMENT TOGETHER WITH TRIAL-AND-ERROR LEARNING? 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract— Zentall Sultan and Sherburne (1996) reported that pigeons observing a conspecific demonstrator either step on or peck at a treadle to obtain food subsequently showed a significant tendency to manipulate the treadle as had their demonstrator. Zentall et al suggested this finding showed observer pigeons had learned by imitation to peck at or step on the treadle. However, the same result might have been obtained of pigeons had learned to step on the treadle by trial and error, and pigeons exposed to a treadle-pecking demonstrator had come to peck at the treadle as a result of nonimitative social learning processes such as local enhancement or contagion. Here we report the results for two control groups showing that pigeons do not learn to step on or peck at a treadle for food reward unless they observe a relevant demonstrator. These results considerably strengthen the original conclusion. Future research using the two action method to demonstrate imitative learning should include similar controls. 相似文献
44.
An index of factorial simplicity 总被引:58,自引:0,他引:58
Henry F. Kaiser 《Psychometrika》1974,39(1):31-36
An index of factorial simplicity, employing the quartimax transformational criteria of Carroll, Wrigley and Neuhaus, and Saunders, is developed. This index is both for each row separately and for a factor pattern matrix as a whole. The index varies between zero and one. The problem of calibrating the index is discussed.The research reported in this paper was supported in part by the Office of Computing Activities, National Science Foundation. 相似文献
45.
Richard Kaiser 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1968,46(6):544-548
The conciliative techniques for assisting in the management of dissonance conditions are suggested for counseling the troubled student. Ecologically induced problems are cited for the typical student Conciliative modes are then proposed as ways of construing the counseling relationship. Thus, conciliating means reinforcing desires for relief, assisting in more carefully discriminated definitions, creating a sense of sharing in the counselee, and modifying crucial self-images. The conciliator is identified as the counselor who interacts with the motive-dissonant student in promoting more peaceful interpretations of frustration and intra-personal conflict. 相似文献
46.
The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis 总被引:51,自引:0,他引:51
Henry F. Kaiser 《Psychometrika》1958,23(3):187-200
An analytic criterion for rotation is defined. The scientific advantage of analytic criteria over subjective (graphical) rotational procedures is discussed. Carroll's criterion and the quartimax criterion are briefly reviewed; the varimax criterion is outlined in detail and contrasted both logically and numerically with the quartimax criterion. It is shown that thenormal varimax solution probably coincides closely to the application of the principle of simple structure. However, it is proposed that the ultimate criterion of a rotational procedure is factorial invariance, not simple structure—although the two notions appear to be highly related. The normal varimax criterion is shown to be a two-dimensional generalization of the classic Spearman case, i.e., it shows perfect factorial invariance for two pure clusters. An example is given of the invariance of a normal varimax solution for more than two factors. The oblique normal varimax criterion is stated. A computational outline for the orthogonal normal varimax is appended.Part of the material in this paper is from the writer's Ph.D. thesis. I am indebted to my committee, Professors F. T. Tyler, R. C. Tryon, and H. D. Carter, chairman, for many helpful suggestions and criticisms. Dr. John Caffrey suggested the namevarimax, and wrote the original IBM 602A computer program for this criterion.I am also indebted to the staff of the University of California Computer Center for help in programming the procedures described in the paper for their IBM 701 electronic computer. Since their installation is partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, the assistance of this agency is acknowledged. 相似文献
47.
48.
Male-female differences on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence were examined for 1200 children aged 4–6.5 yr. Results provided fundamental support for previous work with older children showing better female performance on memory and psychomotor tasks and better male performance on spatial tasks, although the distinctions in performance were not as clear as with older children. 相似文献
49.
50.
Do women who succeed in male‐dominated domains help other women? The moderating role of gender identification 下载免费PDF全文
It is often expected that the first women to advance in male‐dominated fields will promote other women who follow them. Two studies test the hypothesis that some women show this expected pattern of promoting women but that others show the opposite pattern, favoring men over women. In two studies, women's gender identification moderated the extent to which they favored men over women when they advanced in a male‐dominated field. Specifically, the weaker women's gender identification, the more favoritism they showed for a male relative to a female subordinate. Gender identification did not moderate women's behavior in a context in which women were not underrepresented, pointing to the power of the situation in eliciting this relationship. Implications for the advancement of women in male‐dominated fields are discussed. 相似文献