Person perception from changing emotional expressions: primacy,recency, or averaging effect?

ABSTRACT

Dynamic changes in emotional expressions are a valuable source of information in social interactions. As the expressive behaviour of a person changes, the inferences drawn from the behaviour may also change. Here, we test the possibility that dynamic changes in emotional expressions affect person perception in terms of stable trait attributions. Across three experiments, we examined perceivers’ inferences about others’ personality traits from changing emotional expressions. Expressions changed from one emotion (“start emotion”) to another emotion (“end emotion”), allowing us to disentangle potential primacy, recency, and averaging effects. Drawing on three influential models of person perception, we examined perceptions of dominance and affiliation (Experiment 1a), competence and warmth (Experiment 1b), and dominance and trustworthiness (Experiment 2). A strong recency effect was consistently found across all trait judgments, that is, the end emotion of dynamic expressions had a strong impact on trait ratings. Evidence for a primacy effect was also observed (i.e. the information of start emotions was integrated), but less pronounced, and only for trait ratings relating to affiliation, warmth, and trustworthiness. Taken together, these findings suggest that, when making trait judgements about others, observers weigh the most recently displayed emotion in dynamic expressions more heavily than the preceding emotion.     

ON PARADIGM SHIFT IN READING/LITERACY RESEARCH

Abstract

Research is just a set of conventions‐‐the most rigorous way to ask a question and look for answers...research is people-run. And it can be as flexible as the people who run it (Hatch & Farhady, 1982, p. xv).     

The cognitive advantage for one’s own name is not simply familiarity: An eye-tracking study

Eye-tracking technique and visual search task were employed to examine the cognitive advantage for one’s own name and the possible effect of familiarity on this advantage. The results showed that fewer saccades and an earlier start time of first fixations on the target were associated with trials in which participants were asked to search for their own name, as compared to search for personally familiar or famous names. In addition, the results also demonstrated faster response times and higher accuracy in the former kind of trials. Taken together, these findings provide important evidence that one’s own name has the potential to capture attention and that familiarity cannot account for this advantage.     

Emerging Adults’ Perceptions of Acceptable Behaviors Prior to Forming a Committed, Dating Relationship

Recent available research demonstrates the pervasive use of communication technologies among emerging adults. The utilization of such digital media has redefined the process of contemporary coupling. The determination of appropriate behaviors in pre-romantic relationships differs on the basis of a variety of intrapersonal variables. This study examines the intrapersonal constructs of gender and religious involvement in the determination of acceptable pre-romantic relationship behaviors. Researchers collected data from 1,003 participants (aged 18–25) through an online survey about communication technology and “acceptable” dating behaviors. Data were analyzed using chi-square testing in and between independent variable groups to determine significance. Significant differences in gender and religious involvement were discovered. Application of findings is presented, and future directions for research are set forth.     

Social Mishap Exposures for Social Anxiety Disorder: An Important Treatment Ingredient

Conventional cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder, which is closely based on the treatment for depression, has been shown to be effective in numerous randomized placebo-controlled trials. Although this intervention is more effective than waitlist control group and placebo conditions, a considerable number of clients do not respond to this approach. Newer approaches include techniques specifically tailored to this particular population. One of these techniques, social mishap exposure practice, is associated with significant improvement in treatment gains. We will describe here the theoretical framework for social mishap exposures that addresses the client's exaggerated estimation of social cost. We will then present clinical observations and outcome data of a client who underwent treatment that included such social mishap exposures. Findings are discussed in the context of treatment implications and directions for future research.     

全球性领导者的素质与培训

越来越多的企业需要有越来越多的全球性领导来开拓全球性业务。章述评了对全球性领导素质的研究及其相关研究,全球性领导为了在全球复杂的竞争条件下立于不败之地,既要具备一些普遍的特点也要具备一些具体(idiosyncratic)的(特别是具体化中的)特点。而这决定了全球性领导的培训具有不同于以前管理培训的特点：进行化敏感性和全局性观念的培训。最后也提出了将来需要进一步研究的问题。     

记忆监测是有赖于状态的还是有赖于特质的

记忆监测是有赖于状态的．还是有赖于特质的?实验针对两种预见性监测任务——任务难度的预见(EOL)和学习程度的判断(JOL),选用三种实验材料,对记忆监测的准确性进行了跨任务、跨情境的一致性考察。发现在任务难度的预见与学习程度的判断的准确性之间,存在着跨任务的高度一致性;在不同的三项材料之间．存在着跨情境的高度相关。本研究结果从一个侧面支持了记忆监测的特质说。     

父母教养方式对子女学业成就影响的研究

本研究采用问卷法,以475名初一和初二学生为调查对象．探讨了父母的教养方式通过子女的成就目标定向和学业自我概念对其学业成就所产生的影响。结果表明．父母教养方式通过学生的这两个中介变量．以不同的途径影响着学生的学业成就水平。     

诚信的道德价值

信用是市场经济运行的道德基础;信誉是企业良性发展的基石;诚信不仅是人际交往的基础,也是个人自我完善的要求。     

键盘操作的工效学研究回顾

对K键盘、分离键盘、TONY键盘、槽式键盘及和弦键盘等的工效特征 (输入效率、肌肉疲劳、EMG特征和主观舒适感 )进行了比较和总结 ,系统地回顾和分析了键盘启动力和听觉反馈等因素对操作者打字力、肌肉活动水平和主观舒适感的影响效应。在总结近几十年相关研究的基础上 ,提出今后应进一步开展键盘启动力、打字速度和反馈方式等方面的研究。