《孟子·天下之言性章》再诠释:兼论孟子人性论的思想史意义

本文通过梳理早期人性论的思想脉络,说明早期以"习"描述"性"的普遍特征,由此引出孟子在《天下之言性章》中讨论"性"的特殊意义,文中首先讨论了学者目前关于此章争议情况,并进而对此章按分层结构的方式进行解释,以"故""利"与"智"作为各层的核心内容,说明孟子对"性"与"故"关系的认识,并确定孟子在此章中所表达的态度.     

The morality of vengeance: Confucianism and Tutuism in dialogue

This paper analyzes two main pro-vengeance Confucian arguments in light of Desmond Tutu's thinking. In the absence of just authority, Confucianism argues that carrying out blood vengeance is fulfillment of filial piety and fulfillment of moral duty for deterring crime and reforming the wrongdoer's character. Confucianism does not propose a systematic theory of blood vengeance after laws have been installed to prohibit act of revenge. As Confucian ethics focuses on virtue cultivation and advocates moral learning over punishment, it may find the Tutuist approach of addressing wrongdoing compatible and complementary. In line with Tutuism, we argue that revenge is not justified because engaging in vengeance fuels negative and obsessive emotions, which undermine virtue and may lead to undesirable results, such as escalation of violence and harming of the innocent. Moreover, we defend that more conditions need to be met than the ones enunciated by the pro-vengeance standpoint to justify an act of revenge.     

Parent–child relationships and depressive symptom among Chinese college students: the mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of mindfulness

Prior studies have revealed that positive parent–child relationships are negatively associated with college students’ depressive symptom. However, the underlying mechanisms of this relation whether specific mediators or moderators are at play are little known. Therefore, the current study examined the potential mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction and the moderating role of mindfulness in the link between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom among college students. A total of 900 college students from Shenzhen, China (53.40% male; M_age?=?19.82, SD?=?1.01, range from 17 to 27 years) completed questionnaires regarding parent–child relationships, psychological needs satisfaction, mindfulness, and depressive symptom. This study found that (1) parent–child relationships are negatively related to college students’ depressive symptom; (2) psychological needs satisfaction could be a potential mediator in the link between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom; and (3) mindfulness could moderate both the relation between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom as well as that between psychological needs satisfaction and depressive symptom, and those relations were weaker among college students with high levels of mindfulness than those with low levels of mindfulness. The current study highlights the mediating and moderating mechanisms that may underlie the correlation between parent–child relationships and depressive symptom, which may contribute to the development of more effective intervention and prevention programs for alleviating college students’ depressive symptom.

     

形状-宜人性的内隐联结及其对公平决策的影响

已有研究表明,形状感知与抽象概念之间具有隐喻联结并能够影响个体的判断与决策。当前研究在此基础上提出,不同形状与人格的宜人性存在关联且能够影响个体决策。实验1采用内隐联想范式的变式探讨不同形状与宜人性词汇之间的联系,结果未发现长方形和圆形与宜人性词汇存在内隐联结。实验2采用内隐联想测验探讨圆润面孔与棱角面孔与宜人性词汇之间的联系,结果发现圆润面孔与宜人词、棱角面孔与非宜人词之间存在内隐联结。实验3进一步考察形状与宜人性词汇的联结对公平决策的影响,结果发现圆润面孔更易知觉为宜人,个体更容易接受其作出的不公平分配,而棱角面孔更易知觉为非宜人,个体更容易拒绝其作出的不公平分配; 并且,宜人性感知在面孔形状与被试的接受率之间起中介作用。研究结果表明,圆润形状面孔与宜人词、棱角形状面孔与非宜人词存在隐喻联结,且这一联结能够进一步影响个体公平决策。     

目标定向对创造性个性的影响

基于创造性研究的社会心理学取向,本研究试图探讨目标定向干预对创造性个性的影响。对73名高一学生施以TARGET模式3个月以引导掌握定向的形成;另73名高一学生作为控制组。协方差分析表明,实验组的创造性个性有明显改善;被试实验前的目标定向对实验效果具有一定的影响,实验前成绩接近定向的倾向较弱的被试其创造性个性的改善较为明显。总之,目标定向干预可导致创造性个性的改善。     

动作图片语义加工中语音与字形的自动激活

采用图—词一致性判断任务,考察了动作图片语义加工中语音与字形的自动激活及其时间进程。实验1和实验2表明,在动作图片的语义加工中,图片表征的动词的语音和字形信息都自动地激活。实验3和实验4发现,在SOA为100ms时,音同字产生了语音促进效应,形似字却无字形促进效应。当SOA为200ms时,音同字产生了语音干扰效应,形似字产生了字形干扰效应。这表明,在动作图片的语义加工中,图片表征的动词的语音激活出现得比字形激活早。     

Multidimensional Gender Identity and Psychological Adjustment in Middle Childhood: A Study in China

This study examined the multiple components of gender identity (Egan and Perry 2001) and their relationships with psychological adjustment among 201 boys and 160 girls (aged 9 to 12 years) in Mainland China. Boys were found to be more content about their gender but feel more pressure to conform to gender stereotypes than girls. No gender or age differences were found in children’s intergroup bias. Higher gender typicality was related to greater global self-worth, greater social competence, and lower sense of loneliness. However, neither felt pressure nor gender contentment significantly predicted psychological adjustment. These results were compared with findings of previous United States-based studies to highlight the impacts of cultural contexts on gender identity and their effects on adjustment.     

行为表现与言语报告:3～5岁儿童的一级观点采择(英文)

为考察3~5岁儿童一级观点采择的行为表现与言语报告之间的潜在差异,本研究采用"单面镜"范式设计了两个实验。实验1中,54名儿童成对与实验者一起完成观点采择游戏,逻辑回归分析结果表明3-5岁儿童的行为表现不存在显著差异(B=?0.225,Wald=0.38,p=0.541)。方差分析也没有发现儿童的行为表现和言语报告存在差异。由于实验1中的编码系统存在一些局限,并且缺少对儿童偏好的控制,因此在实验2中进行了改进。实验2选择了另外60名3~5岁儿童完成藏玩具游戏。方差分析发现了实验范式类型(行为表现或言语报告)、年龄和性别的三因素交互作用(F(2,48)=3.55,p=0.037,η2=0.13)。结果表明随着年龄增加,男孩与女孩一级观点采择的行为表现都显著提高,而男孩言语报告的提高程度显著低于女孩。总体而言,考察儿童一级观点采择时,行为表现可能比言语报告提供更多信息。     

虚拟时代的哲学

如果古典时代的哲人们穿越时空隧道来到我们这个充满虚拟实在的时代的话,想必他们会大吃一惊,以为来错了地方.对他们来说,我们这个时代肯定是个充满了莫名其妙事物的天方夜谭,是个让他们瞠目结舌的超现实世界.在我们这个世界中,众多网民的见面语早已经从"你吃饭了吗?"变成了"上网看到什么消息了?"、"魔兽了吗?"、"偷菜了吗?"等等.我们的通讯、信息获得、商品交易、交友恋爱、统计、企业管理甚至政治竞选,很大程度上已经通过网络进行.     

内隐领导理论启动效应的实验研究

该研究通过实验检测了内隐领导理论与几种领导类型之间的启动效应。结果显示,绩效线索影响优秀领导者与一般领导者和较差领导者之间的特质评价,并且主要表现在对正性特质的评价方面,在一般领导者和较差领导者之间启动效应不显著。"潜伏期"测量显示了对理想领导者正性原型特质比负性原型特质启动效应更加显著。