Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Adults’ Childhood Recollections: How are Peak-Experiences Described in China and Portugal?

Peak experiences are joyous and fulfilling moments in life, and thought to be associated with happiness and well-being. However, whether peak experiences vary from culture to culture is still under-researched. The current study investigated the autobiographical memories of peak experiences in Portugal and China. College students from Portugal and Mainland China (N = 161) reported their memory of a peak-experience occurring before the age of 14 and provided a self-rating on its enduring impact. We found that participants from Portugal reported peak-experiences involving a developmental landmark more frequently than did Mainland Chinese. In contrast, Mainland Chinese reported peak-experiences involving serenity more frequently than did Portuguese participants. Although Mainland Chinese provided more details about their peak-experiences, their narratives were more generic and emotionally mild. In particular, memory specificity (specific vs. general) significantly mediated the association between culture and developmental landmark, whereas memory emotionality (low arousal emotions) significantly mediated the link between culture and serenity. This study extends previous research on youthful peak-experiences to a cross-cultural context by incorporating measures of autobiographical memory to analyze variations between these two cultural groups.     

神经细胞粘附分子的唾液酸化作用对小鸡记忆的影响

神经细胞粘附分子的多聚唾液酸化不仅影响发育阶段神经元之间的相互作用,而且在学习记忆过程中也起着重要的作用。实验中的特异切割神经细胞粘附分子和多聚唾液酸之间α－２,８键在内神经氨酸苷酶ｅｎｄｏｎｅｕｒａｍｉｎｉｄａｓｅ ＮＥ定位注射到一日龄小鸡脑ＩＭＨＶ内,此酶明显破坏小鸡对一次性被动回避反应的记忆保持。这种破坏作用与酶的剂量有关,小于４μｇ的内神经氨酸苷酶对小鸡的记忆没有明显的影响。对胚胎第２０天     

光照对小鸡脑内神经细胞粘附分子表达的影响

胚胎发育晚期光照条件的不同,对小鸡后天的学习记忆能力有显著的影响,暗孵化小鸡表现出明显的长时记忆障碍。实验利用免疫组化的方法,分别对光孵化、正常孵化和暗孵化条件下,胚胎发育的第17、18、19、20、21天,小鸡脑内上纹体腹核(HV)中神经细胞粘附分子(NCAMs)的表达进行了观察。结果表明：暗孵化条件下孵出的小鸡,在一次性被动回避学习中,记忆保持水平显著低于光孵化组和正常孵化组;在胚胎发育的第20天NCAM的表达,在光孵化组和正常孵化组中显著增高,到胚胎发育的第21天,这种升高在正常孵化组中显著下降;而暗孵化组在整个观察过程中,NCAM表达水平一直非常低。这一结果提示,不同光照条件在孵化过程中,对NCAM表达的影响,参与了光照对小鸡后天学习记忆行为改变的过程。     

额叶参与对新异联系的启动效应——来自脑损伤病人的证据

对新异联系的启动效应是内隐记忆的一种形式,又称联想启动。采用知觉辨认任务,探讨额叶损伤与联想启动的关系。25例额叶损伤病人及18例匹配的正常被试参与实验。结果表明,额叶受损病人辨认旧词对与重组词对的正确率没有明显差别;而且,轻度记忆损伤的额叶病人再认成绩正常,但联想启动值低于对照组,内隐记忆和外显数、坚持性反应数和语词流畅性等有中度相关。这些结果提示,额叶不仅与情节记忆、工作记忆等外显记忆有关,也参与了以非相关词对为材料的联想启动。     

Career adaptability and perceived overqualification: Testing a dual-path model among Chinese human resource management professionals

Based on career construction theory, the current research examined the relationship between career adaptability and perceived overqualification among a sample of Chinese human resource management professionals (N = 220). The results of a survey study showed that career adaptability predicted perceived overqualification through a dual-path model: On the one hand, career adaptability positively predicted employees' perceived delegation, which had a subsequent negative effect on perceived overqualification. At the same time, career adaptability also positively predicted career anchor in challenge, which in turn positively predicted overqualification. This dual-path mediation model provides a novel perspective to understand the mechanisms through which career adaptability affects perceived overqualification, and demonstrates the coexistence of opposite effects in this process. In addition, the results also showed that the effects of perceived delegation and career anchor in challenge on perceived overqualification were stronger among employees with a higher (vs. lower) level of organizational tenure. These findings carry implications for both career development theories and organizational management practices.     

Correlates of spouse relationship with sexual attitude,interest, and activity among chinese elderly

The purpose of the study was to investigate current sexual attitudes and behavior patterns of rural Chinese elderly and to assess the effects of spouse relationships. The subjects were interviewed by village doctors and social workers in six villages selected along the Yellow River in central China utilizing a structured questionnaire. The symbolic interaction perspective and ecological developmental approach provide theoretical frameworks for understanding the interactional, associational, and transformational nature of sexuality. The findings confirmed that aging itself abolishes neither the need nor the capacity for sexual activity. However, sexual attitude, interest, and activity were directly affected by spouse relationships. Chinese culture for thousands of years has sought to narrow sexual activities to the purpose of reproduction and, therefore, has likely suppressed sexual needs. This study is among the first investigations in shaking the traditional taboo of talking about sex. It is not only to provide information about Chinese elderly who constitute one-fifth of the world population of the aged, but also adds to the body of knowledge of elderly sexuality, especially to the gerontological literature of non-Western traditions.     

当前西方文本阅读研究的主要共识与争议

当前,西方研究者在文本阅读研究中取得了一些共识,主要体现在文本表征结构的层次性与情境模型多维性两个方面;而对于文本表征的加工历程则存在较大争议,形成了记忆基础的文本加工观、建构主义文本加工观和情境模型多维加工观三种有代表性的理论。     

孔子与鲁乐本及《诗经》

孔子与《诗经》的关系非常密切。本文认为《诗经》是孔子以鲁国乐本为底本,在授徒过程中经过逐渐编选,最终成为《诗三百》的。