部件启动对合体汉字字形识别的影响

本实验探索了部件启动对左右型合体汉字字形识别的影响,得到以下结果：（1）启动部件与目标字中左部件同形或相似（少一笔划或多一笔划）,会促进对目标字的字形识另询工,表现出正向启动效应;相反,异形部件对目标字加工有干扰作用,表现为负向启动效应;（2）各种启动刺激类型所产生的启动量随启动刺激呈现时间增长而变化。通过对各种实验条件下,启动量的分析,笔者认为：本实验为汉字相互作用激活模型提供了新的证据。     

运动竞赛状态焦虑量表（CSAI—2问卷）中国常模的修订

该量表是由美国伊利诺斯大学的马腾斯等人（１９９０）以多维的竞赛状态焦虑理论为指导而编制成的．我们在全国二十七个省市各级各类及各种项目的运动队中随机抽取了２,０９９名被试,按照优秀运动员（男、女）,中学（中专）文化程度（男、女）与大学（大专）文化程度（男、女）的样组修订出了中国的六个常模,还修订出６个分项目的常模,共１２个．同时,进行了效度和信度检验。本量表可以用于现场测试运动员（包括业余的、专业的和学生运动员）在进行运动竞赛时的焦虑水平。     

隐性知识的具身机制、转化与管理

隐性知识是知识经济时代的发展关键,在多个学科的知识体系中占有重要位置。由于隐性知识有内隐表征、主观经验和情境性等多种跨层属性,导致管理学、体育学等学科面临隐性知识转化与管理的难题。隐性知识本质上是具身性的,身体经验与情境的互动为个体在知识系统中归纳与形成隐性知识提供了基础。隐性知识的提取与应用机制为组织对隐性知识的转化与管理提供了桥梁,而隐性知识的具身机制是其提取与应用的依据。本文将基于具身认知理论,结合多个学科的研究证据,对不同情境下的隐性知识提取与应用机制进行分析,旨在梳理出隐性知识的具身机制,并针对隐性知识的未来研究、转化与管理提出建议。     

Creativity: Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Selection of Creative Ideas

Creative idea selection—the selection of the most creative idea(s) from available ideas—is an important yet understudied topic. Creative idea selection can be performed by the idea generator (i.e., intrapersonal selection) or by another person (i.e., interpersonal selection). In the current research, we examined whether these two types of selection lead to different levels of performance. Participants generated six creative ideas to solve a societal problem. Thereafter, two selection tasks—intrapersonal selection and interpersonal selection—were performed. During intrapersonal selection, the idea generator selected the most creative idea from his/her own ideas; during interpersonal selection, another person made the selection from the same ideas. We found no effect of intrapersonal and interpersonal selection on creative idea selection performance: People selected ideas of identical creativity, irrespective of whether that idea was from themselves or from others. Moreover, we replicated the earlier finding that people perform suboptimally at creative idea selection, failing to select ideas that were more creative than an average idea, for both intrapersonal and interpersonal selection.     

尤尼斯道德发展的实践活动观述评

尤尼斯等人关于道德发展的实践活动观强调青少年期的社会参与经验对其道德发展的持久影响,认为社会参与活动构成青少年公民同一性、政治和道德同一性发展的基础,而对人性和社会的尊重是道德行为的根本机制,道德教育的使命就是让个体通过社会参与活动培养起这种尊重的品质。尤尼斯的道德实践活动观是对艾里克森和柯尔伯格理论的继承和超越,但有关研究仍然存在着一定的问题。     

Swann自我验证理论及实证研究简介

Swann提出自我验证理论并于最近给出自我验证过程的模型,概括了以往有关自我验证的研究结果。自我验证动机和自我评估动机是互补的,但是自我验证动机和自我增强动机之间的争论则很复杂,它们争论发展可分为3个阶段：从“我重要”到“我们都重要”,再到“怎样相互作用决定人的行为”。自我验证理论有着广泛的应用前景。     

Child physical punishment,parenting, and school readiness

This study explored how physical punishment (PP) and other parenting approaches may predict school readiness outcomes. By using the Canada‐wide representative data, 5,513 children were followed over a 2‐year period. Caregivers reported on their use of PP and other parenting approaches (i.e., literacy and learning activities and other disciplinary practices) when children were 2–3 years old, whereas school readiness was measured at 4–5 years using interviewer‐administered tests of number competence and receptive vocabulary skills. Analyses controlled for PP use at 4–5 years, child externalizing behaviours, and various sociodemographics. Results indicated that PP does not directly predict school readiness; however, the effect of PP was moderated by other parenting approaches. Children's receptive vocabulary was weaker if caregivers used PP together with less frequent explaining/teaching regarding problem behaviour, or PP with less frequent engagement in literacy and learning activities. Children had weaker number competence when PP co‐occurred with more frequent psychological aggression (e.g., yelling/scolding). Results suggest that PP hinders children's school readiness when used alongside other parenting approaches, which reflects the reality of parenting (i.e., PP does not occur in isolation). Findings support early education efforts aimed at promoting early learning and literacy opportunities, as well as positive disciplinary strategies that do not involve PP.

Highlights

• We explored how physical punishment and other parenting approaches may predict school readiness outcomes using Canada‐wide data.
• Results provided little evidence of positive effects of physical punishment on school readiness across a range of parenting and disciplinary contexts.
• To promote school readiness, early education efforts should promote early learning opportunities and positive disciplinary strategies that do not involve physical punishment.

     

A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship between Shared Leadership and Creativity in Inter‐Organizational Teams

An inter‐organizational team, which consists of diverse members from different organizations to conduct an initiative, has been widely treated as a critical method to improve organizational innovation. This study proposes a multilevel model to test the relationship between shared leadership and creativity at both team‐ and individual level in the context of inter‐organizational teams. Multisource data were collected from 53 inter‐organizational teams. We obtain the following findings: first, shared leadership is positively related to both team creativity and individual creativity via knowledge sharing. Second, task interdependence positively moderates the relationship between shared leadership and knowledge sharing. Third, task interdependence positively moderates the relationship between knowledge sharing and team creativity, but does not moderate the relationship between knowledge sharing and individual creativity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.     

大学生主动性人格与职业决策困难的关系: 职业自我效能和职业使命感的中介作用

为探讨大学生职业决策困难与主动性人格、职业自我效能、职业使命感的关系,采用职业决策困难问卷、主动性人格量表、职业自我效能量表、拥有使命量表对321名大学生进行调查。结果表明:(1)主动性人格、职业自我效能、拥有使命两两之间呈极其显著的正相关;(2)主动性人格、职业自我效能、拥有使命与职业决策困难之间呈极其显著的负相关;(3)职业自我效能、拥有使命在主动性人格与职业决策困难之间具有完全中介作用。以上结果对于降低大学生的职业决策困难具有重要价值。     

超越梦想

正当全国人民庆贺中共十六届五中全会胜利闭幕之时,又传来振奋人心的喜讯,2005年10月12日上午九时,神舟六号宇宙飞船发射成功,“神六”遨游太空115个小时后,10月17日4时33分凯旋归来,喜讯随着电波飞向祖国四面八方,世界各地,华人地区一片翻腾。一、“神六”与“神五”2003年10月15日,“神五”发射,16日返回,两年后又是金秋十月,“神六”上天,从“神五”到“神六”,中国的航天事业向前大大迈进了一步。据专家介绍“与一人一天的‘神五’相比,‘神六’主要解决了多人多天的航天飞行技术。”二者的一个重要区别在于,“神五”航天员的活动范围仅…