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Molly Helt Elizabeth Kelley Marcel Kinsbourne Juhi Pandey Hilary Boorstein Martha Herbert Deborah Fein 《Neuropsychology review》2008,18(4):339-366
Although Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are generally assumed to be lifelong, we review evidence that between 3% and 25%
of children reportedly lose their ASD diagnosis and enter the normal range of cognitive, adaptive and social skills. Predictors
of recovery include relatively high intelligence, receptive language, verbal and motor imitation, and motor development, but
not overall symptom severity. Earlier age of diagnosis and treatment, and a diagnosis of Pervasive Developmental Disorder-Not
Otherwise Specified are also favorable signs. The presence of seizures, mental retardation and genetic syndromes are unfavorable
signs, whereas head growth does not predict outcome. Controlled studies that report the most recovery came about after the
use of behavioral techniques. Residual vulnerabilities affect higher-order communication and attention. Tics, depression and
phobias are frequent residual co-morbidities after recovery. Possible mechanisms of recovery include: normalizing input by
forcing attention outward or enriching the environment; promoting the reinforcement value of social stimuli; preventing interfering
behaviors; mass practice of weak skills; reducing stress and stabilizing arousal. Improving nutrition and sleep quality is
non-specifically beneficial. 相似文献
874.
An experiment tested the hypothesis that individuals high in negative affectivity (NA) show increased stress reactivity to stressors. There were three predictor variables: NA (measured 1 week prior to experimental participation), and two manipulated variables--demand (high/low) and behavioral control (high/low). First-year psychology students (n = 256) were randomly allocated to one of the four experimental conditions. Measures obtained were initial and post-task negative mood, coping strategies, task satisfaction, and performance (subjective and objective). Participants with high levels of NA reported more post-task negative mood in response to high demand conditions, compared to participants with low NA. A similar pattern of results emerged for task satisfaction, particularly in response to high demand-low behavioral control situations. Mediation analyses suggested this was because participants with high NA used more emotion-focused coping strategies. The study provides support for the stress reactivity role of NA in the stressor-strain process. 相似文献
875.
Cara O’Connell-Edwards Deborah J. Jones Rex Forehand Kevin Larkin 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2008,15(4):322-330
The current study examined the link between immune functioning (CD4 count) and physical symptoms, as well as the moderating
role of optimism and depressive symptoms, in a sample of 99 low income, inner city African American women with HIV. Although
there was no main effect of CD4 count on physical symptoms, depressive symptoms moderated the association between CD4 count
and physical symptoms. More compromised immune functioning (lower CD4 count) was associated with more physical symptoms under
conditions of higher levels of depressive symptoms, but not lower levels of depressive symptoms. This finding was observed
using both a self-report measure and a clinician-rating of women’s depressive symptoms. There were no main or interactive
effects for optimism. Clinical implications and future research directions are presented. 相似文献
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Jones DJ Hussong AM Manning J Sterrett E 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2008,14(3):266-273
African American youth are less likely to use alcohol than their European American counterparts; however, the greater consequences of use for African American youth highlight the need for greater research attention to this group. Two social contexts that have been linked with adolescent alcohol use are parents and peers, yet these studies have rarely included African American youth or failed to examine potential racial differences. This study examined the main and interactive effects of parents and peers, as well as the moderating role of race on alcohol use, in African American and European American rural adolescents (n=71) identified as at high-risk for alcohol use. Contrary to study hypotheses, however, parents were not a more robust moderator for African American than European American youth. Clinical implications for prevention and intervention programming for both African American and European American youth are discussed. 相似文献
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Peace psychology for a peaceful world 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although the literature in peace psychology has been growing rapidly, many American psychologists are unaware of how conflict is resolved and peace is conceptualized and achieved. This article reviews the long history and broadening scope of peace psychology and introduces a model of peace that is useful for organizing the literature. The model suggests that peace can be facilitated at four different points of intervention. The authors discuss relationships between positive and negative peace, structural and direct violence, and peacekeeping, peacemaking, and peacebuilding. They advance some challenges for peace psychologists and conclude that peace psychology is a crucial field for grappling with humanity's most pressing problems in the coming decades. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
880.
Growth modeling is a useful tool for studying change over time, and it is becoming increasingly popular with developmental researchers. There is a considerable methodological literature surrounding growth modeling for individuals; however, far less attention has been focused on growth models for pairs of related individuals (i.e., dyads). In this article, the authors consider dyadic growth models for those cases where there are no relevant variables that can empirically distinguish between dyad members (e.g., same-sex twins or best friends). The authors describe how researchers can estimate growth models for indistinguishable dyads using both multilevel modeling and structural equation modeling. Although both approaches can be used to estimate the same underlying models, the authors focus on practical similarities and differences between the two approaches. They illustrate modeling issues using an overtime study of adolescent twins' conflict with their mothers, a substantively important topic given the enduring interest in parent-child relationships during adolescence. 相似文献