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91.
Annelies E.M. Van Vianen Marcus G. Prins 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1997,5(2):101-114
The development of attitudes and activities of newcomers in the 18 months following the first period of socialization was investigated. At two points in time, persons' preferences for seven work climates were compared with perceived climate. Changes in person-climate fit were assessed, using a squared difference index, after alternative fit-indices were tested with hierarchical regression analysis. Person-climate fit and work attitudes at T1 (eight to ten months after entry) were examined by comparing three groups of respondents who did not change jobs, changed jobs within the organization or changed organizations. Results showed no alpha, beta or gamma changes for the total group of 108 respondents. Alpha changes were only found for respondents who changed jobs. They showed higher ratings for job satisfaction at T2. Finally, work attitudes at T1 were related to turnover. Organizational changers showed higher turnover intentions and higher discrepancies between preferred and perceived risk orientation and work pressure at T1. 相似文献
92.
93.
One-session cognitive treatment of dental phobia: preparing dental phobics for treatment by restructuring negative cognitions 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Ad De Jongh Peter Muris Guusje Ter Horst Florence Van Zuuren Nelleke Schoenmakers Peter Makkes 《Behaviour research and therapy》1995,33(8):947-954
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a single session of cognitive restructuring in a sample of phobic dental patients. Fifty-two patients were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: cognitive restructuring (modification of negative cognitions), provision of information (about oral health and dental treatment), and a waiting list control condition. Both interventions maximally lasted one hour. In comparison with the waiting list control condition and the information intervention condition, the cognitive intervention condition not only showed a large decrease in frequency and believability of negative cognitions, but also exhibited a clear decline in dental trait anxiety. Analysis at a follow-up of one year demonstrated a further, drastic reduction in dental anxiety in both intervention conditions, wherein the difference among these conditions was not maintained. It is concluded that it is possible to obtain substantial reductions of dental trait anxiety through a single session of cognitive restructuring. Nevertheless, repeated exposure to the dental situation seems necessary for a further reduction of anxiety. 相似文献
94.
Aldert Vrij Jaap Van Der Steen Leendert Koppelaar 《Journal of applied social psychology》1995,25(19):1714-1725
Two studies examining the effects of street noise on police officers' emotion, perception, and performance in simulated shooting events are discussed. Compared to previous research, our studies had a higher ecological validity. In our studies, "relevant" noise was introduced, the subjects were police officers instead of students, and the behavior we examined was police behavior in simulated firearms incidents. Results revealed that noise resulted in increased emotion, a narrowed perception, and an impairment in performance on secondary tasks. In Study 2, the effects of field independency on emotion, perception, and performance were examined. The outcomes showed that high field-independent subjects compared to low field independent subjects obtained better results regarding perception and performance. Finally, some implications are discussed. 相似文献
95.
Toussaint HM Commissaris DA Van Dieeumlant;n JH Reijnen JS Praet SF Beek PJ 《Journal of motor behavior》1995,27(3):225-234
The control of the ground reaction force vector relative to the center of gravity (CoG) was examined while subjects performed a back-lifting task. Six male subjects (aged 24.0 +/- 2.5 years) repeatedly lifted a barbell. A biomechanical analysis that used a linked segment model revealed that the summed rotations of body segments during lifting yielded a specific rate of change of the angular momentum of the entire body. This equaled the external moment provided by Fsubg; relative to CoG. This implies that multisegment movements involve control of the angular momentum of the entire body through an appropriately directed Fsubg;. Thus, in dynamic tasks Fsubg; is pointed away from rather than lined up with the CoG, as is the case in static tasks. 相似文献
96.
W. M. de Muynck 《Synthese》1995,102(2):293-318
The axiomatic approaches of quantum mechanics and relativity theory are compared with approaches in which the theories are thought to describe readings of certain measurement operations. The usual axioms are shown to correspond with classes of ideal measurements. The necessity is discussed of generalizing the formalisms of both quantum mechanics and relativity theory so as to encompass more realistic nonideal measurements. It is argued that this generalization favours an empiricist interpretation of the mathematical formalisms over a realist one. 相似文献
97.
An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Gretchen M. Spreitzer 《American journal of community psychology》1995,23(5):601-629
A comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace posits that empowerment mediates the relationship between
the social structural context and behavioral outcomes. The social structural context is operationalized as perceptions of
role ambiguity, sociopolitical support, access to strategic information and resources, and work unit culture, whereas behavioral
outcomes are operationalized as innovativeness and effectiveness. The model is examined on a sample of 324 middle managers
from different units of a Fortune 50 organization. Survey data are examined using a series of regression analyses to assess
the mediating effect of intrapersonal. Results suggest that intrapersonal empowerment mediates the relationship between some
elements of workplace social structure and innovativeness, but not effectiveness. Although not a mediating mechanism for effectiveness,
intrapersonal empowerment is nonetheless directly related to effectiveness (as assessed by the respondent's subordinates).
Implications of the results are discussed as are study limitations and directions for future research.
This paper is based on the author's dissertation, presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the doctoral degree
at the University of Michigan. I am grateful to my dissertation committee which included Robert E. Quinn (chair), Susan Ashford,
Richard Bagozzi, Karl Weick, and Marc Zimmerman for their thoughtful guidance. Thanks is also extended to Neil Sendelbach
for his help in facilitating data collection. The University of Michigan and the University of Southern California both provided
financial support for this research. This paper was prepared while the author was a Zumberge Fellow at the University of Southern
California. 相似文献
98.
In this article, the conceptual instrument that pragma-dialectical argumentation theory offers is elaborated for the analysis and evaluation of problem-solving discussions. The elaboration is aimed expressly at taking into account the discussion character of the discourse, in order to show how the developing process evolves and what the obstacles are therein. In addition, it focuses expressly on the verbal behaviour of the participants and on showing how this behaviour controls the evolving process. The analysis and evaluation is based on insights and methods of conversational analysis and discourse analysis. One fragment of a problem-solving discussion is analysed and evaluated. 相似文献
99.
A series of studies investigated the capacity of children between the ages of 7 and 12 to give free and informed consent to participation in psychological research. Children were reasonably accurate in describing the purpose of studies, but many did not understand the possible benefits or especially the possible risks of participating. In several studies children's consent was not affected by the knowledge that their parents had given their permission or by the parents saying that they would not be upset if the children refused. In contrast, other studies found that children were much more likely to stop their participation if the experimenter said explicitly that she would not be upset if they stopped. We suggest that experimenters should pay more attention to describing the possible risks and benefits of participation in research, and that they should also make it clearer to children that they are free to stop once they have begun. 相似文献
100.
Skinner Darlene M. Martin Gerard M. Pridgar Adora Van Der Kooy Derek 《Learning and motivation》1994,25(4)
Drug states, flavors, and contextual cues were each trained as conditional discriminative stimuli to control a saccharin-LiCl association. In transfer tests, drug states transferred control over consumption to other flavored solutions and to food. Contexts and flavors transferred control only to other flavored solutions. Pavlovian control groups given direct pairings of context-LiCl or flavor-LiCl did not show reliable transfer. However, these control groups did show greater or the same aversion to the specific context or flavor predicting LiCl compared to the context or flavor discrimination groups. The dissociation of the discrimination and Pavlovian groups on transfer versus preference tests suggests that performance on the occasion setting task cannot be due to simple excitation or learning about a unique compound cue. Data from extinction procedures provide further support for the dissociation between simple excitation and occasion setting. 相似文献