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911.
New concepts can be learned by statistical associations, as well as by relevant existing knowledge. We examined the interaction of these two processes by manipulating exemplar frequency and thematic knowledge and considering their interaction through computational modeling. Exemplar frequency affects category learning, with high-frequency items learned more quickly than low-frequency items, and prior knowledge usually speeds category learning. In two experiments in which both of these factors were manipulated, we found that the effects of frequency are greatly reduced when stimulus features are linked by thematic prior knowledge and that frequency effects on single stimulus features can actually be reversed by knowledge. We account for these results with the knowledge resonance model of category learning (Rehder & Murphy, 2003) and conclude that prior knowledge may change representations so that empirical effects, such as those caused by frequency manipulations, are modulated. 相似文献
912.
Gregory R. Peterson 《Zygon》2008,43(3):563-577
To suppose the possibility of dialogue between theology and science is to suppose that theology is an intellectually worthy partner to engage in dialogue with science. The status of theology as a discipline, however, remains contested, one sign of which is the absence of theology from the university. I argue that a healthy theology‐science dialogue would benefit from the presence of theology as an academic discipline in the university. Theology and theologians would benefit from the much closer contact with university disciplines, including the sciences. The university and the sciences would benefit from the presence of theology, providing a department of ultimate concern, where big questions may be asked and ideologies critiqued. A university theology would need to meet standards of academic integrity. 相似文献
913.
Gregory R. Peterson 《Zygon》2008,43(3):593-598
Nicholaos Jones argues that theology is not a respectable discipline because of its inability to meet the standards of contemporary science. Although Jones makes a bold claim, I suggest that he has not made his case by focusing on the question of defining science and metaphysics appropriately, the analysis of the literature he cites, and his central claim that theology presupposes the absolute certainty of God. 相似文献
914.
Gregory W. Schrimsher Jefferson D. Parker 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(2):146-153
This study investigated the pattern of acute cognitive function of an ecologically valid sample of 58 consecutively admitted
adults completing a 24 day residential/day substance use disorder treatment program at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center and
its change over the 24 days of monitored abstinence. Participants were assessed at entry with the Repeatable Battery for the
Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) Form A and at treatment conclusion with the RBANS Form B and with the Similarities
subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) and the Trail Making A and B tests at both time points. There
were significant (p < 0.002) improvements in the RBANS Immediate Memory, Attention, and Total Index scores over the course of treatment and on
the Similarities subtest and the Trail Making A and B tests with effect sizes ranging between 0.37 and 0.56. There was greater
cognitive performance increase for participants in the lower versus upper quantiles at treatment entry on all cognitive measures. 相似文献
915.
Gregory W. Schrimsher Sid E. O’Bryant Judith R. O’Jile Patricia B. Sutker 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(3):235-240
Patients from two neuropsychology clinics (n = 283) were divided into model development (n = 189) and validation samples (n = 94) with proportional representation from each clinic. Three regression based models of four WAIS-III subtests were developed
and cross-validated to evaluate their FSIQ estimation accuracy: (1) an optimized stepwise regression model derived from the
development sample (Comprehension, Matrix Reasoning, Similarities, and Picture Arrangement), (2) an a priori WASI based model (Similarities, Matrix Reasoning, Vocabulary, and Block Design), and (3) an a priori model with relatively rapidly administered subtests from each Index Score factor of the WAIS-III (Information, Picture Completion,
Arithmetic, and Digit Symbol-Coding). The models produced good (92 to 97%) FSIQ estimation accuracy within 10 points of FSIQ
with none of these models performing significantly better than another. The utility of clinical use of short form FSIQ estimation
is a function of accuracy needed versus administration time reduction and ease for the patient. 相似文献
916.
Gregory L Stuart Jeff R Temple Katherine W Follansbee Meggan M Bucossi Julianne C Hellmuth Todd M Moore 《Psychology of addictive behaviors》2008,22(1):12-24
In a previous study, alcohol problems in perpetrators and their partners contributed directly and indirectly to intimate partner violence (IPV), even after including other correlates of violence in the model (G. L. Stuart et al., 2006). The present study extends these findings by examining the role of illicit drug use. We recruited 271 men and 135 women arrested for IPV and used structural equation modeling to examine the data. Results showed that drug use, as reported by the perpetrators, was a stronger predictor of IPV than were alcohol problems in perpetrators and their partners. Arrested males' marijuana use and stimulant use (i.e., cocaine and amphetamines) were associated with perpetration of IPV, and their report of their female partners' stimulant use was associated with her violence perpetration. In arrested women, specific substances used did not predict violence perpetration beyond other model variables; however, female perpetrators' report of male partners' stimulant use predicted male psychological and physical aggression, after controlling for other variables. These results provide further evidence that drug problems by both partners may be important in the evolution of aggression. Implications for batterer intervention programs are discussed. 相似文献
917.
Depression and anxiety often involve high levels of trait anger and disturbances in anger expression. Reported anger experience and outward anger expression have recently been associated with left-biased asymmetry of frontal cortical activity, assumed to reflect approach motivation. However, different styles of anger expression could presumably involve different brain mechanisms and/or interact with psychopathology to produce various patterns of brain asymmetry. The present study explored these issues by comparing resting regional electroencephalographic activity in participants high in trait anger who differed in anger expression style (high anger-in, high anger-out, both) and participants low in trait anger, with depression and anxiety systematically assessed. Trait anger, not anger-in or anger-out, predicted left-biased asymmetry at medial frontal EEG sites. The anger-in group reported higher levels of anxious apprehension than did the anger-out group. Furthermore, anxious apprehension moderated the relationship between trait anger, anger-in, and asymmetry in favor of the left hemisphere. Results suggest that motivational direction is not always the driving force behind the relationship of anger and left frontal asymmetry. Findings also support a distinction between anxious apprehension and anxious arousal. 相似文献
918.
919.
Gregory A. Miller 《Applied and Preventive Psychology》2004,11(1):61-64
Meehl (1978) discussed a variety of characteristics of the culture of scholarly psychology that critically affect its progress toward a stronger science. These characteristics include assumptions about the nature of theory, approaches to the testing of theories, and the reliance on significance tests that is pervasive in many subfields of psychology research. Several of these characteristics and Meehl’s perspective on them are examined years later in this brief commentary. Meehl’s criticisms, though sometimes misrepresented, remain compelling and strikingly current. Yet it should be remembered that Meehl emphasized that “soft” psychology at its best is a profound and worthy challenge and will necessarily progress slowly. It can be improved, but not replaced, by hardnosed scholarship. 相似文献
920.