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871.
The repetition blindness (RB) effect demonstrates that people often fail to detect the second presentation of an identical
object (e.g., Kanwisher, 1987). Grouping of identical items is a well-documented perceptual phenomenon, and this grouping generally facilitates perception.
These two effects pose a puzzle: RB impairs perception, while perceptual grouping improves it. Here, we combined these two
effects and studied how they interact. In a series of three experiments, we presented repeated items in a simultaneous string,
while manipulating the organization of the repeated items in groups within a string. We observed an interaction between RB
and grouping that we summarize with a rule that we call “the survival of the grouped”: In essence, the ability to group repeated
elements protects them from RB. These findings are discussed within the framework of the object file theory. 相似文献
872.
Smith JD Ashby FG Berg ME Murphy MS Spiering B Cook RG Grace RC 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2011,18(2):414-421
Recent theoretical and empirical developments in human category learning have differentiated an analytic, rule-based system of category learning from a nonanalytic system that integrates information across stimulus dimensions. In the present study, the researchers applied this theoretical distinction to pigeons' category learning. Pigeons learned to categorize stimuli varying in the tilt and width of their internal striping. The matched category problems had either a unidimensional (rule-based) or multidimensional (information-integration) solution. Whereas humans and nonhuman primates strongly dimensionalize these stimuli and learn rule-based tasks far more quickly than information-integration tasks, pigeons learned the two tasks equally quickly to the same accuracy level. Pigeons may represent a cognitive system in which the commitment to dimensional analysis and category rules was not strongly made. Their performance could suggest the character of the ancestral vertebrate categorization system from which that of primates emerged. 相似文献
873.
Cades DM Boehm-Davis DA Trafton JG Monk CA 《Journal of experimental psychology. Applied》2011,17(2):97-109
It is generally accepted that, with practice, people improve on most tasks. However, when tasks have multiple parts, it is not always clear what aspects of the tasks practice or training should focus on. This research explores the features that allow training to improve the ability to resume a task after an interruption, specifically focusing on task-specific versus general interruption/resumption-process mechanisms that could account for improved performance. Three experiments using multiple combinations of primary tasks and interruptions were conducted with undergraduate psychology students. The first experiment showed that for one primary and interruption task-pair, people were able to resume the primary task faster when they had previous practice with the interruption. The second experiment replicated this finding for two other sets of primary and interruption task-pairs. Finally, the third experiment showed that people were able to resume a primary task faster only when they had previous practice with that specific primary and interruption task-pair. Experience with other primary and interruption task-pairs, or practice on the primary task alone, did not facilitate resumption. This suggests that a critical component in resuming after an interruption is the relationship between two tasks. These findings are in line with a task-specific mechanism of resumption and incompatible with a general-process mechanism. These findings have practical implications for developing training programs and mitigation strategies to lessen the disruptive effects of interruptions which plague both our personal and professional environments. 相似文献
874.
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876.
Anne Lorraine Wagner Pascal Tisserant Marjorie Kubiak 《Psychologie du Travail et des Organisations》2011,17(4):346-361
This work aims to study the propensity to discriminate (PTD) (Dovidio & Helb, 2005 ; Tisserant, Wagner & Barth, 2010) against gender and other salient criteria in the working place, such as ethnic origin and religious background. More precisely, we investigated the link between PTD and the social dominance orientation (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999). 119 counsellors from French employment services answered a questionnaire dealing on concepts and attitudes towards social groups. Results show that social dominance, as a system of belief justifying social inequalities, generally predict the PTD of individuals, whatever the criterion of discrimination considered. The sex of counsellors can be considered as a moderating variable since females are less likely to accept inequalities than males do. We discuss the need for work and organizational psychologists to invest, alongside the managers, this field of research on equality, non-discrimination and diversity (ENDD). 相似文献
877.
Use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is an increasingly important element of military missions. However, controlling UAVs
may impose high stress and workload on the operator. This study evaluated the use of the RoboFlag simulated environment as
a means for profiling multiple dimensions of stress and workload response to a task requiring control of multiple vehicles
(robots). It tested the effects of two workload manipulations, environmental uncertainty (i.e., UAV’s visual view area) and
maneuverability, in 64 participants. The findings confirmed that the task produced substantial workload and elevated distress.
Dissociations between the stress and performance effects of the manipulations confirmed the utility of a multivariate approach
to assessment. Contrary to expectations, distress and some aspects of workload were highest in the low-uncertainty condition,
suggesting that overload of information may be an issue for UAV interface designers. The strengths and limitations of RoboFlag
as a methodology for investigating stress and workload responses are discussed. 相似文献
878.
Research suggests that exposure to sociocultural norms for idealized appearance can reduce both women's and men's body satisfaction. Despite comparable effects for both genders in the lab, in the “real-world” women's body satisfaction is chronically lower than men's. Real-world gender differences may arise from discrepancies in men's and women's everyday exposure to norms. Across eight studies using a variety of content analysis, survey, and experimental methods, we examine differences in sociocultural norms for ideal appearance pertaining to women and men in “daily life” contexts. We demonstrate that appearance norms encountered by women in daily life are more rigid, homogenous and pervasive than those for men, and that more messages implying the attainability of the ideal appearance are directed at women. Finally, experimental results show that homogeneous, rigid norms (like those typically encountered by women) are more harmful to body image than heterogeneous, flexible norms (like those typically encountered by men). 相似文献
879.
880.
The diversity of nanotechnologies and of the governance challenges that their applications raise calls for exploration and
learning across different cases. We present an Upstream Oversight Assessment (UOA) of expected benefits and potential harms
of nanoparticles made of a synthetic polymer (PLGA) to improve vaccines for farmed salmon. Suggested by Jennifer Kuzma and
colleagues, an UOA may help identify and prioritise research needs, and it may support evaluations of the adequacy of relevant
existing regulatory frameworks. In this work, the UOA approach is modified and supported with elements from the uncertainty
analysis framework developed by Warren Walker and colleagues. Empirically, we draw on relevant available published literature
and insights generated in an ongoing nanoparticle salmon vaccine project, in which one of the authors participates. Nanotechnologies
have not previously been encountered in the regulatory context of fish vaccines, which in part raises unique challenges due
to prospective large scale vaccine use in semi-open aquatic systems. Strengthened through cooperation between ELSA and technology
researchers we found the UOA useful for an early mapping of benefits and concerns, and for identifying areas in need of further
research prior to a nanoparticle based salmon vaccine is developed and taken into use. We consider our approach to represent
one among several complementing initiatives that seek to contribute to early stage evaluations of possible negative side effects,
broadly conceived, in order to facilitate a more robust nanotechnology development. 相似文献