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91.
Incompatability between the pigeons' unconditioned response to shock and the conditioned key-peck response 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Smith RF Gustavson CR Gregor GL 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1972,18(1):147-153
High-speed photography was used to compare the pigeon's response to unsignalled shock with the pigeon's key-peck response. During shock, pigeons flex their neck (i.e., the distance between their eyes and shoulders decreases). Following shock, the neck is extended. During key pecking, the neck remains extended and the head moves toward the key in a slight arc as though attached to a fixed fulcrum. Response topography during pecking and shock appear to be incompatible, and it is concluded that the difficulty in key-peck training pigeons to escape electric shock is due to interference from the unconditioned flexion response. This conclusion supports the species-specific defense theory of escape and avoidance behavior. 相似文献
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In the present report, we describe a new dynamic field theory that captures the dynamics of visuo-spatial cognition. This theory grew out of the dynamic systems approach to motor control and development, and is grounded in neural principles. The initial application of dynamic field theory to issues in visuo-spatial cognition extended concepts of the motor approach to decision making in a sensori-motor context, and, more recently, to the dynamics of spatial cognition. Here we extend these concepts still further to address topics in visual cognition, including visual working memory for non-spatial object properties, the processes that underlie change detection, and the ‘binding problem’ in vision. In each case, we demonstrate that the general principles of the dynamic field approach can unify findings in the literature and generate novel predictions. We contend that the application of these concepts to visual cognition avoids the pitfalls of reductionist approaches in cognitive science, and points toward a formal integration of brains, bodies, and behavior. 相似文献
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To assess the reliability of congeneric tests, specifically designed reliability measures have been proposed. This paper emphasizes
that such measures rely on a unidimensionality hypothesis, which can neither be confirmed nor rejected when there are only
three test parts, and will invariably be rejected when there are more than three test parts. Jackson and Agunwamba's (1977)
greatest lower bound to reliability is proposed instead. Although this bound has a reputation for overestimating the population
value when the sample size is small, this is no reason to prefer the unidimensionality-based reliability. Firstly, the sampling
bias problem of the glb does not play a role when the number of test parts is small, as is often the case with congeneric
measures. Secondly, glb and unidimensionality based reliability are often equal when there are three test parts, and when
there are more test parts, their numerical values are still very similar. To the extent that the bias problem of the greatest
lower bound does play a role, unidimensionality-based reliability is equally affected. Although unidimensionality and reliability
are often thought of as unrelated, this paper shows that, from at least two perspectives, they act as antagonistic concepts.
A measure, based on the same framework that led to the greatest lower bound, is discussed for assessing how close is a set
of variables to unidimensionality. It is the percentage of common variance that can be explained by a single factor. An empirical
example is given to demonstrate the main points of the paper.
The authors are obliged to Henk Kiers for commenting on a previous version. Gregor Sočan is now at the University of Ljubljana. 相似文献
98.
We consider problems of motor redundancy associated with handwriting using the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis. Recent studies of finger coordination during force production tasks have demonstrated that the UCM-hypothesis provides a fruitful framework for analysis of multi-finger actions. In particular, it has been shown that during relatively fast force changes, finger force variance across trials is structured such that a time pattern of total moment produced by the fingers with respect to a point between the two most lateral fingers involved in the task is stabilized while the time pattern of total force may be destabilized. The findings of selective moment stabilization have been interpreted as being conditioned by the experience with everyday motor tasks that commonly pose more strict requirements to stabilization of total moment than to stabilization of total force. We discuss implications of these findings for certain features of handwriting seen in elderly, children, patients with neurological disorders, and forgers. 相似文献
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Zvolensky MJ Feldner MT Leen-Feldner EW Gibson LE Abrams K Gregor K 《Behaviour research and therapy》2005,43(12):643-1700
Although previous work has found associations between panic and smoking, little research has investigated potential mechanisms by which smoking may contribute to panic problems. The present investigation evaluated the incremental validity of acute nicotine withdrawal symptoms (elicited by an average of 2 h of nicotine deprivation) relative to negative affectivity, anxiety sensitivity, and nicotine dependence in predicting anxiety responding to 3-min voluntary hyperventilation. The sample consisted of 90 regular smokers (46 females), as defined by smoking 10 cigarettes per day for at least 1 year, recruited through the general community. Consistent with prediction, greater levels of pre-challenge nicotine withdrawal symptoms uniquely predicted post-challenge intensity of panic symptoms and anxiety relative to other established factors. Findings are discussed in the context of how regular smoking may promote panic symptomotology. 相似文献
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