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51.
Niels Henrik Gregersen 《Dialog》2009,48(1):79-96
Abstract : The international crisis following the publication of 12 Muhammad cartoons in the Danish newspaper Jyllands‐Posten (September 30, 2005) raises the general question of how to exercise the freedom of expression in relation to religious taboos. After briefly reviewing the Cartoon Crisis from September 2005 to the bombings on the Danish Ambassay in Pakistan in June 2008, the article addresses Lutheran resources for coping with secularisation and desecularisation, in particular as regards the taboos that persist as a part of religious and humanistic values. The thesis is that the Lutheran doctrine of the two kingdoms has given rise to two models of interpretation that have both been historically active. The doctrine of the two regiments has been interpreted both as a ‘liberalist’ argument for a principled separation of religion and politics, and as a ‘social‐conservative’ (later Social Democratic) argument for the view that the state should take care of its citizens' welfare through education, the legal system and social services. In today's global and multi‐religious world, this leads us to ask the question to what extent a welfare society, for the sake of peace and social order, should, or should not, protect religious sensitivities. Should religious communities always be kept out of public life, or can they be recognised as non‐governmental organizations in civil society, hence as potential partners for the state? 相似文献
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53.
Thirty males and 30 females who volunteered for a program to increase dating skills were randomly assigned to a treatment group of six practice dates plus feedback, a treatment group of six practice dates only, or a delayed treatment control group. Within subject-specified constraints of height, age, race, and distance from campus, a computer randomly matched opposite sexed subjects for the six practice dates, each date with a different subject. After each practice date in the feedback condition, subjects completed forms calling for primarily positive comments about the partner. Forms were later exchanged via the experimenter. Outcome was assessed by self-report, self-monitoring, behavioral, and peer rating measures. Results indicated the superiority of treatment conditions over the control condition. Some evidence indicated superiority of the no feedback condition over the feedback condition. Evidence of maintenance of changes over a three-month follow-up period is provided. 相似文献
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55.
Hal R. Arkes 《Motivation and emotion》1979,3(2):143-150
The overjustification effect is manifested in decreased interest in an activity as a result of having been rewarded for participation in the activity. According to attribution theory's discounting principle, decreased interest occurs because the subject discounts the role of intrinsic motivation when a salient extrinsic reward is present. An alternative analysis based on the competence principle suggests that only rewards that convey no message of competence foster the overjustification effect, while manipulations that do convey competence information do not. A study crossing Reward (no reward-monetary reward) and Task Difficulty (hard-easy) supported the competence analysis. Subjects who succeeded on the hard task and thus felt competent manifested higher subsequent interest in the task. Consistent with the competence analysis, presence or absence of reward did not influence subsequent interest in the task.This research has been supported by a grant from the Ohio University Research Fund. I am grateful to Mark Henault, who served very ably as the experimenter. The hard work of Joel Ghitman and Craig Alexander is also gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
56.
Patrick Mahlen O'Neil Hal S. Currey Amy A. Hirsch Robert J. Malcolm James D. Sexauer F. Elizabeth Riddle C. Inga Taylor 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1979,1(2):123-132
The Eating Behavior Inventory (EBI) is a self-report instrument for assessing behaviors that have been theoretically implicated in weight loss, e.g., self-monitoring of food intake and of weight, refusing offers of food, eating at only one place, shopping from a list, eating in response to emotions. Thirty items were constructed in the form of first-person statements, e.g., I eat in the middle of the night. Each item was to be rated with a 5-point scale according to how often it was true for the respondent. Items were scored such that higher scores always reflected more appropriate (theoretically facilitative of weight control) eating patterns. Validity of individual items and total score was assessed in four studies. Twenty-six of the original items appeared valid and were retained. The resulting total score demonstrated validity in these studies and in two cross-validational comparisons. Internal consistency as measured by split-half reliability and correlations of item scores with total score was acceptable. One month test-retest reliability of item and total scores was satisfactory. Clinical and research applications of the EBI are discussed.An early version of this article was presented at the Taos International Conference on Treatment of Addictive Behaviors, Taos, New Mexico, February 1979. 相似文献
57.
Hal R. Arkes 《Motivation and emotion》1978,2(2):201-211
The overjustification effect is manifested by decreased interest in an attractive activity following removal of a reward made contingent upon participation in the activity. Evidence is reviewed which suggests that rewards conveying information that the person who is performing the activity is competent cause the behavior to become insulated from the overjustification effect. This maintenance of behavior resulting from competence information is also shown to be a powerful factor in increasing the transfer and posttherapy persistence of behavior in both behavioral and traditional therapies.I wish to thank Pamela Sheridan, Tom Eddy, Larrie Hutton, and Jon Aronoff for their help during the course of my research on this topic. I am also grateful to Sylvia Snavely for sharing her helpful ideas with me. 相似文献
58.
Niels Henrik Gregersen 《Dialog》2005,44(1):19-29
Abstract: Interpreting Luther's Trinitarian theology of creation, it is shown how Luther's doctrine of creation is modelled on his soteriology. In his writing Against Latomus(1521) Luther established his famous distinction between the external grace of God (favor dei) and the divine gift (donom): the living Christ. A similar distinction can be re‐constructed from Luther's theology of creation as presented in his catechisms, sermons, tracts, and exegetical writings. Just as Luther makes a distinction between the Christ who takes side for us within God, and the Christ who is dwelling in the heart of the believer, Luther makes a the distinction between the fatherly love toward humankind (benevolentia), and the Father, Son and Spirit, who are at work from within the life of the creatures in God's blessing (benedictio). There is an implicit notion of a pater pro nobis and a pater in nobis, which reflects, in the order of creation, the classic distinction between Christus pro nobis and Christus in nobis. According to Luther's theology of the Eucharist and divine blessing, there exists a union between God and creature, which has a similar structure as the union between Christ and believer. There are distinctions to be drawn as well as correlations to be seen between the order of creation and the order of salvation. 相似文献
59.
Callaghan T Rochat P Lillard A Claux ML Odden H Itakura S Tapanya S Singh S 《Psychological science》2005,16(5):378-384
Over the past 20 years, developmental psychologists have shown considerable interest in the onset of a theory of mind, typically marked by children's ability to pass false-belief tasks. In Western cultures, children pass such tasks around the age of 5 years, with variations of the tasks producing small changes in the age at which they are passed. Knowing whether this age of transition is common across diverse cultures is important to understanding what causes this development. Cross-cultural studies have produced mixed findings, possibly because of varying methods used in different cultures. The present study used a single procedure to measure false-belief understanding in five cultures: Canada, India, Peru, Samoa, and Thailand. With a standardized procedure, we found synchrony in the onset of mentalistic reasoning, with children crossing the false-belief milestone at approximately 5 years of age in every culture studied. The meaning of this synchrony for the origins of mental-state understanding is discussed. 相似文献
60.
A contrasted groups design was used to investigate the accuracy with which a test battery could detect persons faking mental disorder. The MMPI and Bender Gestalt were used in combination with a Malingering Scale that was developed for initial validation. One hundred adult males comprised five groups of 20 subjects each. Noncriminal psychiatric inpatients and mental retardates were compared with prison inmates who were given a financial incentive to successfully fake ‘insanity’ or mental retardation, and with inmate controls. Based on discriminant analyses, 92 to 95% of subjects were correctly classified as either faking or not faking. Although cross-validation is needed, this study reduced many of the analog factors which have comprised the generalizability of previous findings. 相似文献