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141.
To help employees better manage work-life conflict, organizations have introduced various initiatives, which have met with mixed results. The present studies examined the utility of a procedurally based approach to understanding employees' reactions to work-life conflict. The authors examined whether the fairness of procedures used by organizational authorities to plan and implement decisions moderates the (inverse) relationship between work-life conflict and employees' organizational commitment. Three studies using different methodologies showed support for the moderating role played by procedural fairness. That is, the tendency for greater work-life conflict to lead to lower commitment was significantly less pronounced when procedural fairness was high rather than low. Theoretical contributions to the work-life conflict and organizational justice literatures are discussed, as are practical implications. 相似文献
142.
143.
Katz PA 《The American psychologist》2003,58(11):897-909
The author discusses how negative racial attitudes originate. First, she looks globally at how various theories have attempted to explain the origins of racism. Second, she reviews some research on this topic that she and her colleagues have completed with very young children. Both the theories and the studies have ramifications for how psychologists might reduce the possibility of children becoming racist. 相似文献
144.
The present study of fourth through sixth graders examined the relationships between their school adjustment and the extent to which their self-concepts conformed to stereotypic gender roles. Several dimensions of gender roles were assessed. Adjustments was assessed by teacher ratings of externalizing and of internalizing symptoms. Among boys, more stereotypic self-concepts were associated with high levels of externalizing symptoms. Among girls, stereotypy was associated with high levels of internalizing. Discussion emphasized the practical importance of these relationships between gender-role stereotypy and poor adjustment, since externalizing and internalizing symptoms constitute the most frequent reasons for clinical referral among boys and among girls, respectively. Further findings, however, indicated that conclusions about the unfavorable adjustment correlates of stereotypy should not be extended to the less gender-typical symptoms (i.e., neither to boys' internalizing nor to girls' externalizing symptoms). Implications of the findings were also discussed with regard to earlier results obtained with adults that suggest mental health advantages associated with higher levels of masculinity. It was suggested that the contradiction between adult and child results partially reflects an emphasis upon externalizing symptoms with children, while studies employing adults have emphasized internalizing ones.The authors acknowledge the assistance of the Jefferson County School District, and especially Ms. Diane Hill, Director of Research, for their assistance in this study. The following persons are thanked for their assistance in interviewing children and collecting data: Heidi Hauge, Carol Hathaway-Clark, Judith King, and Ed Priddy. The authors also wish to thank Drs. Ann Boggiano and William Hodges for commenting on earlier drafts of this paper. 相似文献
145.
We consider the problem of least-squares fitting of squared distances in unfolding. An alternating procedure is proposed which fixes the row or column configuration in turn and finds the global optimum of the objective criterion with respect to the free parameters, iterating in this fashion until convergence is reached. A considerable simplification in the algorithm results, namely that this conditional global optimum is identified by performing a single unidimensional search for each point, irrespective of the dimensionality of the unfolding solution.This work originally formed part of a doctoral thesis (Greenacre, 1978) presented at the University of Paris VI. The authors acknowledge the helpful comments of John Gower during the first author's sabbatical at Rothamsted Experimental Station. The authors are also indebted to Alexander Shapiro, who came up with the proof of the key result which the authors had long suspected, but had not proved, namely that the smallest root of function (13) provides the global minimum of function (7). The constructive comments of the referees of this paper are acknowledged with thanks. This research was supported in part by the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 相似文献
146.
Ann K. Boggiano Ann Shields Marty Barrett Teddy Kellam Erik Thompson Jeffrey Simons Phyllis Katz 《Motivation and emotion》1992,16(3):271-296
This paper includes research comprised of field studies and laboratory experiments to examine our diathesis-stress model that students with an extrinsic motivational orientation given evaluative/controlling directives are at risk for maladaptive achievement patterns, including performance, cognitive, and emotional deficits of helplessness. The findings, using our multimethod approach, confirmed our assumptions and indicated that motivational orientation is a more reliable predictor of helplessness than either attributions or perceptions of competence. The pattern of data obtained across studies is discussed in light of other theoretical approaches to understanding achievement patterns in students.The research reported here was supported, in part, by Grant No. MN45566 from NIMH. Address all correspondence to Ann K. Boggiano, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0345. 相似文献
147.
Although a large body of research supports the use of behavioral staff management interventions in developmental disabilities, the nature of client outcomes associated with such interventions has not been systematically assessed. We reviewed 59 staff management studies published over 20 years (1971–1990) in order to determine the generality or scope of the research (i. e., range of settings, types and levels of clients' disabilities, clients' ages), the frequency of inclusion of client outcome measures, the types of measures and levels of analysis selected (i. e., individual groups, combination), and the effects of the interventions on client behavior. Results indicated that: (a) over two-third of the studies were conducted in institutional settings; (b) more than one-half involved clients with profound to severe mental retardation; (c) clients of various ages were served; (d) assessment of client outcomes increased progressively over the period; (e) engagement and skill acquisition were the most frequently used measures; (f) group data were presented twice as frequently as either individual or a combination of group and individual data; and (g) staff interventions were associated with either positive or mixed client outcomes in 80% or more of the cases, although maladaptive behavior went unchanged in one-fifth of the studies in which they were reported. Based on these findings, suggestions are made for how researchers might extend the generality of staff management research, improve client outcome assessment practices, and produce even more consistently positive results. 相似文献
148.
Although the code was not developed to cover employment tests, its guidelines appear useful for both developers and users of tests for the purposes of employee training, counseling, and development. 相似文献
149.
Guttman scalogram analysis has been limited to cross-sectional analysis. Longitudinal scalogram analysis (LSA), a direct extension of cross-sectional scalogram analysis to longitudinal-data, is proposed as an alternative methodology. The benefits of LSA relative to cross-sectional methods of analysis are discussed. 相似文献
150.
Nocturnal electromyographic (EMG) recordings of masseter muscle activity were performed before and after treatment on 10 heavy bruxism subjects. Treatment consisted of giving the subjects an auditory feedback signal during sleep which occurred when they clenched with moderate force. Each subject additionally had to perform an arousal task every time the signal occurred. Nine of 10 subjects demonstrated a significantly decreased EMG activity using a contingent auditory feedback signal, combining it with an arousal task. 相似文献