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141.
Yarkoni T Braver TS Gray JR Green L 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2005,84(3):537-554
Although functional neuroimaging studies of human decision-making processes are increasingly common, most of the research in this area has relied on passive tasks that generate little individual variability. Relatively little attention has been paid to the ability of brain activity to predict overt behavior. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the neural mechanisms underlying behavior during a dynamic decision task that required subjects to select smaller, short-term monetary payoffs in order to receive larger, long-term gains. The number of trials over which the longterm gains accrued was manipulated experimentally (2 versus 12). Event-related neural activity in right lateral prefrontal cortex, a region associated with high-level cognitive processing, selectively predicted choice behavior in both conditions, whereas insular cortex responded to fluctuations in amount of reward but did not predict choice behavior. These results demonstrate the utility of a functional neuroimaging approach in behavioral psychology, showing that (a) highly circumscribed brain regions are capable of predicting complex choice behavior, and (b) fMRI has the ability to dissociate the contributions of different neural mechanisms to particular behavioral tasks. 相似文献
142.
Jeffrey D. Green Brad Pinter Constantine Sedikides 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(2):225-235
The mnemic neglect effect is the phenomenon of disproportionately poor recall for threatening (rather than non‐threatening) feedback that refers to the self (rather than another person). Does trait modifiability moderate mnemic neglect? We hypothesized that mnemic neglect will be present for feedback on unmodifiable traits, but absent for feedback on modifiable traits. In the latter case, the feedback would be lower in threat potential because its consequences are fleeting and steps to prevent its reoccurrence are possible. Participants received mixed (threatening and non‐threatening) feedback that referred either to the self or another person. The feedback pertained to (central and peripheral) self‐conceptions that were either unmodifiable or modifiable. In support of the hypothesis, mnemic neglect emerged for feedback on unmodifiable, but not modifiable, traits. The findings illustrate the selective and strategic nature of self‐protection. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Using male hooded Lister rats the effects of GABAergic and serotonergic treatments alone and with chlordiazepoxide (CDP) were compared with the behavioral effects of CDP in a conditioned conflict procedure with three components; Reward, Time Out, and Conflict. CDP (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg ip) dose- relatedly increased punished and time out responding, but increased rewarded responding in an inversely dose-related manner. Punished responding was enhanced by chronic treatment to a rate which remained stable between 9 and 19 injections. The GABA transaminase inhibitor ethanolamine-O-sulfate (EOS), given chronically in drinking water (5.0 mg/ml), increased punished responding linearly to a high stable level after 2-3 weeks. Rewarded and time out responding were less substantially increased. CDP given with EOS dose- relatedly increased time out and punished responding substantially above the rates found with either treatment alone. The GABA antagonist picrotoxin blocked the increase in punished and time out responding found with EOS and CDP alone. The tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 100 mg/kg x 3) linearly increased punished responding for the first week of treatment. CDP with PCPA selectively and significantly increased punished responding above the rates for either treatment alone, but the increases were not as substantial as those with EOS + CDP. The serotonin reuptake inhibitor Wy 25093 reduced increases in time out and punished responding under CDP, and the precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) counteracted increases in punished responding under PCPA but also substantially reduced rewarded responding. These results provide evidence that both increased GABA and decreased serotonin transmission are involved in the anticonflict effects of CDP, as EOS and PCPA both mimicked and potentiated effects of CDP, while picrotoxin, Wy 25093, and 5-HTP counteracted them.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
146.
B B Proger L Mann R J Bayuk R M Burger L H Cross P A Green 《Psychological reports》1973,32(3):931-935
147.
This article is based on an analysis of narratives of 26 offenders with mental health problems living in the United Kingdom. It explores the impact of an ascribed dangerous status and the construction of the self as moral and responsible in response to this label with reference to the literature on denial, deviance disavowal and other “techniques of neutralization” and Goffman's presentation of self. Two dominant strands are identified in relation to the construction of moral self-hood: “Not my fault” and “Good at heart” narratives. “Techniques of neutralization” are widely drawn on, particularly denial of responsibility in the “Not my fault” narratives that seek to explain anti-social behavior with reference to external forces such as a hostile environment inhibiting their ability to control their lives. In contrast, “Good at heart” narratives draw on the essentially good and moral nature of the inner-self. Both are used as evidence of sharing and adhering to moral norms in order to present an acceptable and credible self. 相似文献
148.
This article presents an assessment of the relative influences of time spent participating in organized sports and informal sports during childhood with respect to the development of general creativity. In this study, 99 upper-division undergraduate and graduate students completed a comprehensive childhood leisure activities questionnaire and the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults. According to the results of the joint generalized least-squares regression analysis, hours spent in organized sport settings was negatively related to creativity as an adult; time spent in unstructured sport settings was found to be positively related to adult creativity. The findings also point to the importance of balancing participation across organized and unstructured settings. The most creative individuals in the sample were those who spent roughly half of their sport participation time in each setting, as opposed to individuals with below-average creativity, who spent upwards of 3/4 of their sport participation time in organized settings. Therefore, fostering creative development through sport may not require a dramatic reorientation from current youth sport development models, but only a shift toward a more balanced distribution of time spent playing in both organized and unstructured settings. Future experiments are needed to test this relationship. 相似文献
149.
Luís Oliveira Leonard Green Joel Myerson 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2014,102(2):151-161
150.
Ana V. Nikčević Gabriele Caselli Deborah Green Marcantonio M. Spada 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2014,32(4):248-256
Both perceived stress and negative recurrent thinking (rumination and worry) have been associated with depressive symptoms. However, no research to date has investigated the association between perceived stress and negative recurrent thinking. In the present study we aimed to explore whether perceived stress and negative recurrent thinking are associated and whether negative recurrent thinking moderates the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. A convenience sample of 273 undergraduate students completed the Perceived Stress Scale, the Ruminative Responses Scale-10, the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale 2 weeks prior to sitting mid-year examinations. Correlation analyses showed that perceived stress, rumination and worry were positively and significantly associated with depressive symptoms and that perceived stress was positively and significantly associated with rumination and worry. A moderation analysis confirmed that negative recurrent thinking moderated the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献