The possible interaction of Harderian material and saliva for thermoregulation in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus

Self-grooming in Meriones unguiculatus is associated with saliva spread and the release and spread of Harderian material from the external nares. Saliva spread results in evaporative cooling and Harderian spread insulates the pelage. Two experiments tested the predictions that (1) saliva production and Harderian material decrease systematically following a self-groom, (2) high ambient temperature (34 degrees C) increases saliva production but decreases Harderian release, and (3) low ambient temperature (7 degrees C) decreases saliva production but increases Harderian release. The predictions were generally confirmed, suggesting that short-term and long-term thermoregulatory reactions are differentially affected by ambient temperatures. Thus, an animal will tend to emphasize saliva production when evaporative cooling is needed and will exaggerate Harderian release when insulation of the pelage is required.     

Right of active duty military personnel to refuse psychiatric treatment

Under Federal Court precedents, mentally ill patients have a qualified right to refuse treatment. The amount of due process that may be required to override treatment refusals by active duty military patients is discussed. Due process for these individuals need not be judicial, since medical review satisfies federal requirements. Involuntary administration of medication to active duty military personnel is justified in some circumstances. Specific criteria for overriding treatment refusals are suggested. A sample protocol for overriding the treatment refusals of active duty personnel is offered.     

The timing of shifts of head postures during conservation

The timing of shifts of head postures in relation to speech during conservation was investigated by continuously monitoring, with a polarised light goniometer, the head movement of four subjects engaged in conservation.Postural shifts (PSs), defined as wide, linear movements, were found to occur primarily towards the initiation of speech, be it between speaking turns, or between syntactic boundaries inside speaking turns. This suggested that PSs are involved in regulating turn taking and marking syntactic boundaries inside speaking turns.Also, PSs usually started prior to and continued till after speech onset. This suggested a possible involvement in speech production, probably in helping to regulate the complex motor processes of beginning to speak.It is suggested that interactive, linguistic and speech productive functions may combine together to create a movement pattern by mutually constraining head movement.     

A developmental sequence in preschool children's acquisition of reading readiness skills and print awareness concepts

While various attempts have been made to explain the relationships among preschool children's acquisition of various aspects of print-related knowledge, studies have generally employed statistical procedures appropriate for linear relationships. Yet the relationships among measures of print-related knowledge may not be linear. One technique that has not been employed in this area but which provides a means for identifying nonlinear hierarchical relationships among measures is order analysis. The purpose of this paper was to examine empirically the acquisition of preschool children's print-related knowledge through order analysis. A data set that consisted of 60 preschool children's performances on five measures which assessed concepts about the purposes and processes of reading and the reading readiness skills of letter naming and visual and auditory discrimination was reanalyzed using ordering procedure. A multivariate analysis indicated a multidimensional relationship among the three reading readiness and two print awareness measures that differed across the three age groups. The hierarchical orderings of the five measures indicated that mastery of the reading readiness skills occurred prior to the mastery of the print awareness concepts.     

A Follow-Up Study of Spring, 1966, High School Graduates in the State of Utah

This study presents some of the results of a study of youth potential and youth opportunity in the State of Utah. The findings suggest that the immediate post high school plans of high school seniors, when stated during the spring prior to graduation, are relatively accurate indicators of actual post high school activities, but plans stated during the preceding fall are relatively unrealistic; also unrealistic are estimates of years of college attendance by first-quarter freshmen. The findings also reveal that while practical considerations weigh most heavily in the choice of a college, colleges in Utah have images which likely influence prospective students' choices.     

Bargaining Strategies with Asymmetric Initiation and Termination

Two experimental studies of bilateral bargaining were conducted, and this paper reports findings related to differences in the conditions under which bargaining began and ended. Asymmetric initiation affected the way the subjects bargained, but not, on the average, the deals they struck. Asymmetric termination affected both bargaining behavior and deals. One surprising conclusion was that following a relatively simple configuration of bargaining strategies increased both one's probability of making a deal and one's benefits from the deal itself.