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201.
George Graham 《Synthese》1990,82(3):399-422
Too little attention has been paid by philosophers to the cognitive and epistemic dimensions of emotional disturbances such as depression, grief, and anxiety and to the possibility of justification or warrant for such conditions. The chief aim of the present paper is to help to remedy that deficiency with respect to depression. Taxonomy of depression reveals two distinct forms: depression (1) with intentionality and (2) without intentionality. Depression with intentionality can be justified or unjustified, warranted or unwarranted. I argue that the effort of Aaron Beck to show that depressive reasoning is necessarily illogical and distorted is flawed. I identify an essential characteristic of that depression which is a mental illness. Finally, I describe the potential of depression to provide credal contact with important truths.Many persons helped in writing this paper. Special thanks are owed to my wife, Patricia Sedgeman Graham, as well as to Richard Garrett and Hugh LaFollette. 相似文献
202.
E. R. Valentine Marilyn Aitkenhead John T. E. Richardson Derek Milne Adrian Raine Alan Kennedy Peter Bull Chrissie Verduyn Keith Hawton Harry Chasty Susan P. Llewelyn J. Graham Beaumont Peter Trower Peter Kutnick Paul Light Christopher C. French 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1984,3(2):77-94
203.
The superiority of auditory over visual presentation in short-term serial recall may be due to the fact that typically only temporal cues to order have been provided in the two modalities. Auditory information is usually ordered along a temporal continuum, whereas visual information is ordered spatially, as well. It is therefore possible that recall following visual presentation may benefit from spatial cues to order. Subjects were tested for serial recall of letter-sequences presented visually either with or without explicit spatial cues to order. No effect of any kind was found, a result which suggests (a) that spatial information is not utilized when it is redundant with temporal information and (b) that the auditory-visual difference would not be modified by the presence of explicit spatial cues to order. 相似文献
204.
Studied a new device and training procedure for teaching the directional orientation and sentence tracking skills used in reading and writing western languages. Twelve preschool and 14 kindergarten children were randomly assigned to E and C groups. Between pre- and posttests, Es practiced for a total of 20 min. over a two-week period with an electronic device which flashed a correct signal only when S scribed left-to-right through successive sentences from top to bottom of the display. Any error in sequence extinguished the signal. Cs received only pre- and posttests. On test sentences prior to practice neither Es nor Cs were able to show where the sentences began or how they went from beginning to end. After using the device, Es tripled their orientation and tracking scores, while Cs not given access to the device did not improve (p < .002). Left-right and up-down directional confusion, often the subject of many hours of remedial training, were shown to be rapidly corrected in normal children by the use of a simple electronic device providing clear feedback distinguishing correct from incorrect responses. Implications for prereading instruction are discussed. 相似文献
205.
Children aged approximately 8.5–9.5 years were shown either names (NP), or pictures (PP), of objects, for each of which they located the corresponding likenesses among an array of alternatives. Written recall and identification accuracy were assessed at 5 hr and 3 days after presentation. As predicted, NP produced significantly superior recall to PP. The rate of identification for recalled items among Ss in PP was significantly higher than that for NP. This result was interpreted as supporting the view that the superiority of NP in recall derives from the fact that Ss may rely upon retrieval from either name or image of each item whereas those in PP must depend upon image alone. This interpretation was extended to take two unexpected findings into account: (i) the superior overall identification accuracy engendered by PP, particularly at the longer time interval; (ii) the relatively weak relationship between identification accuracy and recall scores among matching Ss. 相似文献
206.
Ten introverts and 10 extraverts were selected from a student population on the bask of their responses to the E.P.I. The groups contained 5 men and 5 women and were matched for Neuroticism. Each subject took part in two 4-minute conversations, one with a male confederate, one with a female confederate. The same two confederates were used throughout the experiment, and no attempt was made to programme any aspect of their behaviour. Two trained observers, who sat behind a one way screen situated close to the speakers, recorded the visual and speech behaviour of both subject and confederate by means of a four-channel event-recorder. The recordings were made for the last 3 minutes of each interaction. Extraverts Looked more frequently than introverts, but there were no differences between the two groups in the proportions of time spent in Looking and eye-contact, or in the mean length of Looks. Extraverts also spoke more frequently than introverts, a finding which may complement that for the number of Looks. The findings could not be explained by the behaviour of the confederates, since they behaved consistently across the two groups of subjects. The experiment is discussed with particular reference to Mobbs (1968) and Kendon and Cook (1969). Comparisons of methodology are made. 相似文献
207.
Zillmann’s (1978, 1983) excitation transfer theory was tested in relation to arousal processes opposite in hedonic valence.
Sixty female subjects, randomly assigned to six experimental conditions, were initially exposed either to arousal stimulation
positive in hedonic valence (sexual humor), or to arousal stimulation negative in hedonic valence (insulting remarks), or
to a neutral unarousing task. In each condition, half of the subjects rated mildly arousing positively valenced male models’
photographs on several scales either immediately or with a 4 minute delay following prior arousal. In support of Zillmann’s
theory, subjects in the positive hedonic arousal condition gave significantly lower photograph ratings on the arousal-related
scales at the immediate, than at the delayed, rating time. However, contrary to Zillmann’s theory, the pattern of these ratings
was reversed in the negative hedonic arousal condition, with the significantly higher ratings at the immediate, rather than
delayed, rating time. Also, there were significant differences in these ratings among all three conditions both at the immediate
and at the delayed rating time, but, as predicted, no significant differences were obtained for these ratings between the
rating times in the control unarousing condition. The differences in excitation transfer between arousal processes positive
and negative in hedonic valence may be due to their differences on a temporal dimension with regard to the speed of accumulation
and the speed of dissipation of each arousal type. 相似文献
208.
209.
Two experiments are described which investigate the effects of satiation and reinforcer devaluation on signal-centered behavior in rats. In Experiment 1 lever contacts were established in hungry rats by pairing retractable lever presentations (CS) with response-independent food (UCS). Subsequently, food satiating these subjects significantly reduced the level of CS contact during an extinction test and, in particular, suppressed CS-directed licking and pawing. In Experiment 2 lever contacts which were established by lever-food pairings were suppressed when the food reinforcer was paired with lithium chloride (LiCl) induced illness. In particular, CS-directed licking, sniffing, and orienting were significantly suppressed by these food-LiCl pairings. These results suggest that signal-centered behavior (i) is not simply a manifestation of “conditioned hunger,” (ii) is determined to some extent by the animal's current need state, and (iii) is influenced by the status of specific reinforcer representations. 相似文献
210.