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191.
192.
193.
Role of health locus of control beliefs and expectations of treatment efficacy in adjustment to cancer 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
G Marks J L Richardson J W Graham A Levine 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1986,51(2):443-450
We examined the effects of health locus of control beliefs (self-, doctor, and chance control) and expectations of treatment efficacy on short-term psychological adjustment in a sample of newly diagnosed cancer patients. The role of these beliefs and expectations in moderating the relation between (perceived and actual) disease severity and depression was also examined. The data were collected within one week of diagnosis. The relation between perceptions of disease severity and depression was weaker for those who believed that they could personally control their health and for those who held positive expectations about the effects of complying with medical treatment. Similar patterns were found when disease severity was defined in terms of prognosis for survival. Strong negative correlations between self-control/treatment expectations and depression were found for those who perceived that their illness was very severe. The results for chance and doctor control were less consistent. The stability of health control beliefs and treatment expectations over the course of a serious long-term illness is discussed. 相似文献
194.
195.
Since clear relationships exist between age, gender, and the occurrence of different kinds of accident, safety researchers
and educators need to take account of recent work in developmental and environmental psychology, which is leading to a revised
view of children’s environmental competence. Studies of the development of risk perception and risk-taking are first reviewed:
these have identified three broad phases through which children proceed, culminating in an understanding of the interaction
between their own perspective, that of other participants, and characteristics of the situation itself in the causation of
accidents. This broad picture is in line with the reformulations of Piagetian stage theory which have occurred in recent years:
rather than being “pre-operational” or “egocentric” in a global sense, young children’s main limitations seem to be in applying
the principles of routines or drills from one setting to another, and studies of attention and memory show that the amount
of information children are able to process improves with age, as does their resistance to distraction. Three aspects of individual
differences seem to have an influence upon risk-taking, namelygender, reflection-impulsivity, andfamily structure, and the findings are reviewed in each case. As children get older they experience an increasingly wide variety of unfamiliar
situations, and it is essential to understand the interaction between these age changes in environmental circumstances and
mechanisms of developmental change in formulating programmes for safety education. 相似文献
196.
Graham B. Stead 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(3):270-275
South Africa is undergoing rapid change in a post-apartheid era. This article uses the developmental-contextual perspective to examine the extent to which contextual and individual factors dynamically interact in the career development of Black South African adolescents. Furthermore, interventions that may assist in the career development of Black adolescents, as well as the implications of this research for counselors, are provided. 相似文献
197.
Subjects took part in an auditory lexical decision task followed by an auditory test of recognition memory for words presented in this task. Subjects categorized their recognition judgments as based on either recollection (“remember” responses) or familiarity (“know” responses). Distractor items in the recognition test included the base words from which the nonwords used in the lexical decision task were derived. Consistent with the findings of Wallace, Stewart, Sherman, and Mellor (1995), more false alarms were made to “late” base words (where the corresponding nonwords were created by changing a phoneme near the end of the word) than to “early” base words (corresponding nonwords were created by changing a phoneme at the beginning of the word). However, this effect was found in “know” responses but not in “remember” responses. The findings are attributed to enhanced fluency with which the base words are processed following their implicit activation at encoding. 相似文献
198.
Graham J. Stone Elizabeth M. Ineson 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1997,5(4):215-228
This paper seeks to examine the hypothesis that reliable and valid personality instruments could have international applicability. Utilising data from 327 practising managers drawn from service industries in the United Kingdom, Hungary and the Czech Republic, the research offers a basis for discriminating between the profiles of hospitality and other service sector managers employing stepwise discriminant function analysis, F-tests and classification ratios. The findings, based on a subsequent ANOVA, suggest that these personality profiles extend across the three countries under study. Also, the research provides a methodological approach for consideration in future meta-analytical studies of the processes of management development. 相似文献
199.
This paper considers the current conceptual state of research into neuropsychological laterality and considers some issues which might appropriately be considered for the forward development of the field. It considers the biological context which has been adopted for these studies and the psychological significance of performance asymmetries. A principal emphasis of the paper is the degree to which inferences, rather than direct methodological deductions, can be drawn from the research undertaken. The status of the dichotomies which have been proposed, the role of interhemispheric transfer, and stages of processing models are considered. The degree to which cerebral asymmetries may be inferred to reflect normal processes of the brain is questioned, and some prospects of the future discussed. 相似文献
200.
George Graham 《Synthese》1990,82(3):399-422
Too little attention has been paid by philosophers to the cognitive and epistemic dimensions of emotional disturbances such as depression, grief, and anxiety and to the possibility of justification or warrant for such conditions. The chief aim of the present paper is to help to remedy that deficiency with respect to depression. Taxonomy of depression reveals two distinct forms: depression (1) with intentionality and (2) without intentionality. Depression with intentionality can be justified or unjustified, warranted or unwarranted. I argue that the effort of Aaron Beck to show that depressive reasoning is necessarily illogical and distorted is flawed. I identify an essential characteristic of that depression which is a mental illness. Finally, I describe the potential of depression to provide credal contact with important truths.Many persons helped in writing this paper. Special thanks are owed to my wife, Patricia Sedgeman Graham, as well as to Richard Garrett and Hugh LaFollette. 相似文献