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51.
Miles Hewstone Michael Argyle Adrian Furnham 《European journal of social psychology》1982,12(3):283-295
This study was designed to test a number of hypotheses about the use of FAV and other strategies as measured by the intergroup ‘matrices’ in four long-term relationships-with spouse, child, friend and workmate. Forty subjects filled in matrices giving three measures of self-favouritism (FAV), and one each of fairness (F) and maximum joint profit (MJP), in relation to the allocation of money and time. It was found that FAV was not used for spouse, and was used less for child than for the non-family relationships (p < 0.01, p < 0.05). There was also an influence of altruism (A) against FAV, when time was distributed between spouse (p < 0.01) or child (p < 0.001) and the self. F was used most for spouse, followed by child, friend and workmate (p < 0.001), and was used more by females in distributing money (p < 0.01). MJP was not used at all for money, but was used to some extent for time. 相似文献
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Two response measures that described the consistency and accuracy of motor performance were investigated. A pursuit tracking task was used as the vehicle whereby changes in perceptual motor performance could be monitored over several learning trials. The intra-individual variability of a subject's tracking response was compared to the root mean squared error that was accumulated during each block of trials. Whereas both response measures were sensitive to the changes in performance that occured as a result of practice, neither could be considered sufficiently informative as to be used as a sole indicator of skill acquisition. It appears that both consistency and error measures are needed to describe the subjects' performance as they acquire a perceptual motor skill. 相似文献
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Two groups of subjects were given pairings of a slide of a triangle (CS1) with an aversive loud noise (US). After first-order conditioning a different figure (CS2+) was paired with CS1, whilst a third figure acted as a non-paired control (CS20). Conditioned second-order skin conductance responses (SCRs) were established to CS2+ for all subjects who had undergone first-order conditioning. Following second-order conditioning, SCRs to CS1 were extinguished and CS2+ was subsequently tested for retention of its SCR evoking properties. For the group of subjects who believed they had an avoidance response available during the second-order conditioning phase, CR2 failed to survive extinction of CR1. However, for the group of subjects who had no perceived control over US presentation, extinction of cr1 did not eliminate CR2. This latter finding is consistent with associative analyses of second-order conditioning in animals and has clinical implications for the treatment of fear-related problems. 相似文献
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Two experiments are reported which examined the influence of context on face recognition accuracy for novel and familiar faces
respectively. Context was manipulated by varying the physical background against which the faces appeared. In Experiment I,
80 student subjects observed 18 faces before attempting to recognize them in a sequence of 36 alternatives. For half the subjects,
the backgrounds changed from study to test, while for the remainder they stayed the same. In addition, for half the subjects,
both the pose and expression of the face also changed, while for the others it remained constant. Changes in pose plus expression
and context significantly reduced recognition accuracy for the target faces. Experiment II used an identical design, except
that the faces of celebrities replaced the novel faces. The influence of context was eliminated but the effects of pose and
expression were maintained. However, when only faces which were actually identified by subjects were considered, the effects
of pose and expression, too, were eliminated. The significance of these findings for theories of contextual memory are discussed. 相似文献
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Schoolchildren, aged 16 years showed poorer incidental learning for nouns if the orienting task was one of finding rhymes for the items compared to assigning each word to a semantic category. On a recognition task including homophone and synonym foils, rhyming subjects made significantly more phonemic errors, whereas categorizing subjects produced a significantly greater number of semantic confusions. Subjects instructed to construct images for each of the nouns showed a performance pattern similar to the categorizing group. The results are interpreted in terms of Herriot's (1974) view that different levels of processing are associated with the coding of different clusters of stimulus attributes. 相似文献