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71.
Two groups of subjects were given pairings of a slide of a triangle (CS1) with an aversive loud noise (US). After first-order conditioning a different figure (CS2+) was paired with CS1, whilst a third figure acted as a non-paired control (CS20). Conditioned second-order skin conductance responses (SCRs) were established to CS2+ for all subjects who had undergone first-order conditioning. Following second-order conditioning, SCRs to CS1 were extinguished and CS2+ was subsequently tested for retention of its SCR evoking properties. For the group of subjects who believed they had an avoidance response available during the second-order conditioning phase, CR2 failed to survive extinction of CR1. However, for the group of subjects who had no perceived control over US presentation, extinction of cr1 did not eliminate CR2. This latter finding is consistent with associative analyses of second-order conditioning in animals and has clinical implications for the treatment of fear-related problems. 相似文献
72.
Two experiments are reported which examined the influence of context on face recognition accuracy for novel and familiar faces
respectively. Context was manipulated by varying the physical background against which the faces appeared. In Experiment I,
80 student subjects observed 18 faces before attempting to recognize them in a sequence of 36 alternatives. For half the subjects,
the backgrounds changed from study to test, while for the remainder they stayed the same. In addition, for half the subjects,
both the pose and expression of the face also changed, while for the others it remained constant. Changes in pose plus expression
and context significantly reduced recognition accuracy for the target faces. Experiment II used an identical design, except
that the faces of celebrities replaced the novel faces. The influence of context was eliminated but the effects of pose and
expression were maintained. However, when only faces which were actually identified by subjects were considered, the effects
of pose and expression, too, were eliminated. The significance of these findings for theories of contextual memory are discussed. 相似文献
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Marmurek HH 《Memory & cognition》1977,5(1):67-72
Subjects indicated whether two letters, two words, or a letter and the first letter of a word were the same. Letter targets were matched more quickly than word targets when the stimuli were presented simultaneously. When the target and comparison stimuli were separated by a 3-sec interval, word targets were matched more quickly than a letter and a letter in a word. It was also shown that the physical similarity of the targets and comparison stimuli had a greater effect in the simultaneous matching conditions. These findings are consistent with a model of word processing in which letters are individually compared prior to word identification at a physical level of processing. At a higher level of processing, words may be encoded as a unit, and the identification of the letters within the word may require a decoding of the word unit. 相似文献
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Graham Priest 《Philosophy and phenomenological research》2019,99(2):495-500