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41.
Communication of criticism between groups is important to productive societal discourse, but may serve to inflame conflict. The defensive rejection of intergroup, relative to intragroup, criticism (intergroup sensitivity effect [ISE]) may contribute to such divides. The ISE has been observed in self-report measures, but such measures are weak and biased predictors of actual (divisive) behavior. We review recent research demonstrating that the ISE does have costly behavioral consequences. We next consider the debate concerning whether the ISE reflects defense of a valued social identity or enforcement of a conversational norm. We therefore review recent evidence for an ISE among individuals lacking identification with the target of the criticism. Third, we examine how the ISE may affect a variety of behaviors relevant to societal divisions, including political reconciliation, environmental sustainability, and vaccination. Lastly, we outline future research that can clarify the underlying mechanisms of the ISE and promote conciliatory intergroup behavior. 相似文献
42.
Fantino E Squires N Delbrück N Peterson C 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1972,18(1):35-43
In Experiment 1, matching of relative response rates to relative rates of reinforcement was obtained in concurrent variable-interval schedules when the absolute values of the two concurrent variable-interval schedules varied from 6 sec and 12 sec to 600 sec and 1200 sec. Increases in the duration of the changeover delay, however, produced decreases in the relative response rates and, consequently, some deviation from matching. In Experiment 2, matching of relative response rates to the relative duration of the reinforcer failed to occur when the equal variable-interval schedules arranging access to the two different reinforcer durations (1.5 and 6 sec) were varied in size from concurrent variable-interval 10-sec schedules to concurrent variable-interval 600-sec schedules. 相似文献
43.
Gisela Müller 《Psychological research》1970,34(1):10-47
Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe von Korrelationsmethoden wurden inter-individuelle Leistungsunterschiede in einer ein- und einer mehrflächigen Vigilanzaufgabe untersucht. In beiden Aufgaben korrelieren bestimmte Vigilanzscores mit Interferenzindikatoren im Stroop-Versuch. In der mehrflächigen Anordnung zeigte sich eine negative Korrelation zwischen der Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit und der Rate der falschen Alarme. Hinsichtlich der zeitlichen Merkmale der Vigilanzleistung ergab sich, daß die Vpn den geringsten Abfall der Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit erkennen lassen, die zu Beginn der Vigilanzaufgabe die Rate der falschen Alarme am stärksten reduzieren konnten. Die Ergebnisse wurden im Rahmen des detection-Modells interpretiert.
Teil II der Dissertation, die im Januar 1969 der Philosophischen Fakultät der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt wurde. 相似文献
Experiments in individual differences of vigilance behavior
Summary This paper is concerned with individual differences of vigilance performance in a simple and a complex vigilance task. In both tasks certain aspects of vigilance behavior were correlated with interference in the Color Word Test by Stroop. In the complex vigilance task there was a negative correlation between the probabilities of signal detections and false alarms rates. With regard to the temporal characteristics of vigilance behavior it was found out that subjects with the least decrease of detection rate showed the greatest reduction of their false alarms rate to the beginning of the vigilance task. The results were discussed in the context of the detection model.
Teil II der Dissertation, die im Januar 1969 der Philosophischen Fakultät der Freien Universität Berlin vorgelegt wurde. 相似文献
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The effects of chronic hypothalamic lesions and various drugs on the viscero-visceral reflexes of cats have been investigated, utilizing measurement of the bioelectrical activity of the cerebral cortex. After coagulation of the posterolateral hypothalamus the heart rate decreased by 40–60 beats per minute, but eventually it regained its initial value. The viscero-visceral reflexes from the gallbladder to the heart were preserved after the operative procedure. Chlorpromazine and atropine blocked both arousal and the cardiorespiratory response to stimulation of the gallbladder. Similar effects were produced by novocaine and pantocaine. 相似文献
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Elisabeth Schürer-Necker 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1990,25(4):195-200
Walker and Tarte (1963) postulate that at short retention intervals high arousal paired-associates are reproduced more poorly
than low arousal items. Walker and colleagues believe that this hypothesis is confirmed by their paired-associate learning
studies. However, results of these paired-associate learning studies are position confounded artifacts. Better recall of low
arousal items at short-term retention is caused by the coincidence of the recency effect and low arousal at the end of the
trial. When these position effects are controlled there is no action decrement for the high arousal paired-associates. To
test this assumption, the Kleinsmith and Kaplan study (1963) was replicated and two other variations were conducted. In these
three studies with 76 subjects, which were tested at two minutes or 1 week, the action decrement occurs only when the two
position effects coincide. 相似文献