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281.
Lien Vanderkerken Mieke Heyvaert Patrick Onghena Bea Maes 《Applied research in quality of life》2018,13(3):779-802
This study examined family members’ opinions regarding their family quality of life (FQOL). Parents (n = 97) and youngsters (n = 24) of 63 families with a child with an intellectual disability (ID) receiving home-based support completed the Beach Center FQOL Scale. Multilevel models detected substantial variability in FQOL scores and in most subscale scores both within and between families. The observed differences were partly explained by the respondent’s age, the parents’ employment situation, and the support needs of the child with an ID. Role of the family member and gender of the parent could not explain this variability. By including and comparing multiple family members’ opinions, this study contributes to the methodological and conceptual discussions about measuring FQOL. 相似文献
282.
Using a speeded retrieval procedure, we investigated time-of-day effects in automatic and controlled retrieval. Morning-type
adults were tested at either peak (early morning) or off-peak (late afternoon) times on a speeded implicit (Experiment 1)
or explicit (Experiment 2) stem completion task. In Experiment 1, retrieval strategies were identified by changes in response
speed between a practice phase with rapid retrieval and an implicit memory test phase. Performance based on controlled retrieval
(shown by slowdown participants) showed more priming at peak than at off-peak times of day, a finding confirmed in Experiment
2, in which the participants were given intentional retrieval instructions when the materials switched. In contrast, performance
based on automatic retrieval (shown by nonslowdown participants) did not differ across peak and off-peak times. The finding
suggests a robust synchrony effect in controlled retrieval, but not in automatic retrieval, which does not appear to vary
across the day. 相似文献
283.
Adapting the Unique Minds Program: Exploring the Feasibility of a Multiple Family Intervention for Children with Learning Disabilities in the Context of Spain 下载免费PDF全文
Silvia López‐Larrosa Rosa M. González‐Seijas John S. W. Carpenter 《Family process》2017,56(2):423-435
The Unique Minds Program (Stern, Unique Minds Program, 1999) addresses the socio‐emotional needs of children with learning disabilities (LD) and their families. Children and their parents work together in a multiple family group to learn more about LD and themselves as people with the capacity to solve problems in a collaborative way, including problems in family school relationships. This article reports the cultural adaptation of the program for use in Spain and findings from a feasibility study involving three multiple family groups and a total of 15 children and 15 mothers, using a pre‐post design. This Spanish adaptation of the program is called “Mentes Únicas”. Standardized outcome measures indicated an overall statistically significant decrease in children's self‐rated maladjustment and relationship difficulties by the end of the program. Improvements were endorsed by most mothers, although they were not always recognized by the children's teachers. The program had a high level of acceptability: Mothers and children felt safe, understood, and helped throughout the sessions. The efficacy of the adapted intervention for the context of Spain remains to be tested in a more rigorous study. 相似文献
284.
Michael Rönnlund Lars Nyberg Lars Bäckman Lars-Göran Nilsson 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(3):182-201
Motor activity during encoding of verbal information has been suggested to reduce age differences in episodic memory. Here we examined memory for sentences encoded with enactment (SPTs, subject-performed tasks) or without enactment (VTs, verbal tasks) in a population-based sample consisting of 10 groups ranging in age from 35 to 80 years (N = 1000). Memory performance was assessed by immediate free- and category-cued recall. Degree of clustering was measured by the adjusted ratio of clustering score. Recall of cognitive activities served as a complementary measure of memory for performed tasks. Sentence recall showed a gradual decline across age, of about the same magnitude for SPTs and VTs, in both free and cued recall. Clustering in free recall was higher for SPTs than for VTs, but there were no age differences in clustering. A pattern of gradual decline from age 35 was observed also in activity recall, regardless of whether the activities involved motor activity or not. Across the memory measures, differences in education accounted for all of the age-related variance in performance among the younger (35-55 years) but not the older groups (60-80 years), suggesting that genuine aging effects in these measures are more prominent in old age. Together, the results indicate that age differences in episodic memory, in line with most, if not all, types of encoding support, generalize across the performed/non-performed distinction. 相似文献
285.
Behavioural flexibility allows animals to adjust their behaviours according to changing environmental demands. Such flexibility is frequently assessed by the discrimination–reversal learning task. We examined grey squirrels’ behavioural flexibility, using a simultaneous colour discrimination–reversal learning task on a touch screen. Squirrels were trained to select their non-preferred colour in the discrimination phase, and their preferred colour was rewarded in a subsequent reversal phase. We used error rates to divide learning in each phase into three stages (perseveration, chance level and ‘learned’) and examined response inhibition and head-switching during each stage. We found consistent behavioural patterns were associated with each learning stage: in the perseveration stage, at the beginning of each training phase, squirrels showed comparable response latencies to correct and incorrect stimuli, along with a low level of head-switching. They quickly overcame perseveration, typically in one to three training blocks. In the chance-level stage, response latencies to both stimuli were low, but during initial discrimination squirrels showed more head-switches than in the previous stage. This suggests that squirrels were learning the current reward contingency by responding rapidly to a stimulus, but with increased attention to both stimuli. In the learned stage, response latencies to the correct stimulus and the number of head-switches were at their highest, whereas incorrect response latencies were at their lowest, and differed significantly from correct response latencies. These results suggest increased response inhibition and attention allowed the squirrels to minimise errors. They also suggest that errors in the ‘learned’ stage were related to impulsive emission of the pre-potent or previously learned responses. 相似文献
286.
Emotion influences memory in many ways. For example, when a mood-dependent processing shift is operative, happy moods promote
global processing and sad moods direct attention to local features of complex visual stimuli. We hypothesized that an emotional
context associated with to-be-learned facial stimuli could preferentially promote global or local processing. At learning,
faces with neutral expressions were paired with a narrative providing either a happy or a sad context. At test, faces were
presented in an upright or inverted orientation, emphasizing configural or analytical processing, respectively. A recognition
advantage was found for upright faces learned in happy contexts relative to those in sad contexts, whereas recognition was
better for inverted faces learned in sad contexts than for those in happy contexts. We thus infer that a positive emotional
context prompted more effective storage of holistic, configural, or global facial information, whereas a negative emotional
context prompted relatively more effective storage of local or feature-based facial information 相似文献
287.
Jerzy Gołosz 《Axiomathes》2018,28(4):395-417
The aim of this paper is to make presentism a dynamic view of reality by basing it on a notion of dynamic existence, that is, on a notion of existence which has a dynamic character. The paper shows that both of the notions of existence which are used in metaphysical theories of time (in presentism and eternalism) have a static character and, while such a notion is useful for eternalists, it is useless for presentists if they want to make their view able to remain in agreement with our everyday experience and self-consistent. It is demonstrated that both empirical and theoretical arguments indicate that the presentist should replace the notion of this static existence with the notion of a dynamic existence and that this maneuver allows the presentist to treat his/her existential thesis as equivalent to the thesis that time flows. Not only does this strategy allow us to express presentism in a simple, homogenous way which remains in agreement with our experience, but also permits us to solve some of the difficult problems which presentism faces, such as, for example, the objection of triviality and the question about the rate of time passage. Moreover, such an approach to presentism allows us to solve fundamental metaphysical problems concerning time such as the problem of the openness of the future and the fixity of the past, direction of causation, and relations between presentism and persistence through time by endurance. 相似文献
288.
Virtue ethics has been charged with being unable to provide solutions to practical moral issues. In response, the defenders of virtue ethics argue that normative virtue ethics exists. The debate is significant on its own, yet both sides of the controversy approach the issue from the assumption that moral philosophy has to tell us what we should do. In this essay, I would like to examine the question regarding the practicality of virtue ethics in a different way. Virtue ethics is an ancient approach shared by both ancient Greek philosophers and classic Chinese Confucians, and indeed, ancient Greeks call ethics “practical science.” How, then, do the ancients themselves view the issue of practicality? This essay shows that there is a notion of practicality which is prominent in both ancient Greek and ancient Chinese virtue ethics but is neglected in today’s ethics. According to this notion, ethics is to transform one’s life. The essay also raises a prospect of the revival of this notion. 相似文献
289.
Jinglin Li 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2010,5(2):155-178
Confucianism defined benevolence with “feelings” and “love.” “Feelings” in Confucianism can be mainly divided into three categories:
feelings in general (seven kinds of feelings), love for one’s relatives, and compassion (Four Commencements). The seven kinds
of feeling in which people respond to things can be summarized as “likes and dislikes.” The mind responds to things through
feelings; based on the mind of benevolence and righteousness or feelings of compassion, the expression of feelings can conform
to the principle of the mean and reach the integration of self and others, and of self and external things. The “relations
between the seven kinds of feelings and the Four Commencements,” however, was not developed into a theoretical idea in Confucianism.
After Confucius, the relationship between the universality of natural sympathies and the gradation of love for relatives gradually
became an important subject in Confucian ideas of benevolence and love. By “refuting Yang Zhu and Mozi,” Mencius systematically
expounded on this issue. Love had two ends: self-love and natural sympathies, between which existed the love for relatives.
These two ends were not the two extremes of Yang’s self-interest and Mozi’s universal love. Love for relatives not only implied
a gradation, but also contained universality and transcendence that came from self-love. Love for relatives, natural sympathies
and self-love had a kind of tension and connectivity between two dynamic ends. The Confucian idea of benevolence and love
hence demonstrated differences and interconnectivity. An accurate understanding of such “feelings” and “love” is important
for us to grasp Confucian thoughts on benevolence and its realization. 相似文献
290.
Robyn L. Brouer Vickie C. Gallagher Rebecca L. Badawy 《Journal of business and psychology》2016,31(4):515-531